TV Show and Advertising- at the Right Time in the Right Place Case Study

TV Show and Advertising- at the Right Time in the Right Place - Case Study Example During the TV Show, there were three commercial breaks of two minutes each after every eighteen minutes of the show. During the first commercial break, the following commercials were aired: - Nike (1-minute commercial): In this commercial, a cricket team is showed sitting in a bus, which is stuck in a traffic jam. Now they want to play cricket but they cannot as there is no space but then they have an idea and they start playing cricket on the roof of the bus with smashing shots all around the traffic jam running over cars. Demographic: Age: Nike has targeted teenage boys who have a passion for cricket. Gender: The commercial is targeted mostly towards the teenage boy. Income: This commercial is targeted to each n every income class. Race: Targeted to all race. Psychographics: Nike has targeted this commercial to viewers with the same interest that is cricket. Nike has promoted a positive and confident attitude in this advertisement. Nokia N-Series (44 seconds): This commercial shows the N93 and all of its features. Age: 15-45. Gender: Male and Female.   Income: Individuals who are in the middle or upper class. Race: Targeted to all race. Psychographics: Nokia targets consumers who want different features in their cell phones.   Target to a specific social class, this commercial is targeted to the consumers who have an interest in Cell phones. Malaysian Airlines (15 seconds): This commercial shows an executive is getting late for his flight and he hasn’t picked up his tickets. He has to drink coffee but to make coffee it will take some time so he takes a spoon of coffee and puts in his mouth then he takes a spoon of sugar and put in his mouth and then water and shakes his mouth and drinks it all up. N, in the end, it says to better book tickets online before than to leave everything for the last moment.

Is the Rage of Text Messaging Leading to Less Than Desirable Social Interaction Essay Example for Free

Is the Rage of Text Messaging Leading to Less Than Desirable Social Interaction Essay As the world embraces the technological knowhow, preferred modes of communication have tremendously changed from the ancient modes. One such current modes of communication commonly used is the text messaging. Text messaging is a way of sending short written information to and from phone devices . Text messaging provides a fast, easy and discrete way of transferring information. Text messaging thus plays an important role in people’s life. Texting is also a fairly nonthreatening way to initiate communication with someone versus a phone call or face to face methods, which demand greater bravery and often directness of intension. (Rule of Thumb 24) Text messaging plays an important role in creating and maintaining social interactions. Unlike the traditional ways in which friends had to travel long distances to share information, text messaging bridges the distance limitation and allows friends to share information without having to travel. Friends are able to keep themselves updated with all matters concerning their friendships. We can work, watch television, sit in class or talk to friend while texting. (Rule of Thumb 26). Text messaging also enables others to make new friends. Most importantly, text messaging enables the physically challenged also to make part of the socializing world. Traditionally, the physically challenged by the fact that they cannot travel far were somehow locked out of the social network. Through text messaging, this has been reversed. Another important role text messaging plays is by acting as reminders. Text messaging is a means that has been and is very useful in reminding friends and acquaintances about activities like meetings and parties among others. The fact that text messaging is cheap, fast and can be applied to many recipients at the same time makes it outstanding for this reminder role. For instance, students can remind their fellows on pending assignments. At work places, instead of pinning written reminders on notice boards, text messaging can play effective means of reminding staff of an upcoming meeting. Similarly, text messaging plays important roles in public health sectors where patients are reminded through texts about their medical appointments. This unquestionably helps in overcoming forgetfulness, a factor that dangerously affect medication outcome through reducing medication compliance. Through text messaging, banks are able to remind their clients about pending transactions. These are ust but few examples. Text messaging plays an important role in passing information in a fast and cheap means. In learning institutions like universities for instance, text messaging plays an important role in circulating information such as changes in lecture venue and time, make-up lectures, and location of learning materials like handouts among others. Such information is usually very important and needs fast and cheap means of passing info rmation. Some recruiting firms have also used text messages (in combination with phone calls) to confirm their appointments. In this sense, text messaging enables people to get important information that helps them be at part with their duties in the society. Although all these are positive roles of text messaging, it has somehow brought along some disadvantages. The fact that text messaging allows multitasking has made its use be abused. Some people do text while driving, while others walk down on high ways with their faces completely turned down on their phones. The fact that text messaging bridges distance has also resulted in health problems by encouraging physical inactiveness. Arguably, text messaging should be purposefully used for passing important information and reminders and not to cause distractions in classes and offices. Text messaging should also be employed as a means of sending warnings to alert people of any potential dangers. As, texting is a way of life, but it cannot replace the human voice or touch. I believe that texting should be used for the important notifications such as â€Å"I am running late†, â€Å"I am outside†, â€Å"I will call u later† etc. and most the most important keep it short.

Sam Rayburn :: Essays Papers

Sam Rayburn Samuel "Sam" Taliaferro Rayburn was born in Tennessee in 1882. He was the eighth of 11 children. When Sam was 5 he moved west with his family to a 40-acre cotton farm just outside the small community of Flag Springs, Texas. At the age of 18, Sam left the family farm and went to East Texas Normal College in Commerce. His father sent him off with $25 and he added to that by sweeping school rooms, ringing the class bell and building fires in school stoves. After a year of college, he paid debts and earned more money teaching in Greenwood, Texas. He then returned to Commerce and finished his three-year degree in two years. Sam first ran for public office in 1906 when he was elected to the Texas House of Representatives. While serving in the legislature, he attended and graduated from law school at the University of Texas in Austin. After two terms as State Representative, Sam was reelected to serve as speaker of the Texas House. He was only 29 at this time. In 1912, Sam ran for the U.S. House of Representatives. After winning that election, he, as a Democrat never again faced a Republican opponent. During his 48 years in the House, Rayburn served as minority leader for four years, majority leader for three years, and speak for 17 years. Even though he was a Democrat for life, he tended to be more moderate on most issues and he was never afraid to be independent or cut across party lines about any specific issue. This earned him respect from both sides of the House floor. His legislative accomplishments include authorship of the Truth in Securities Act of 1933 and the Railroad Holding Company Bill. A year after those he authored bills that created the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Federal Communications Commission. In 1935, he co-authored the Rural Electrification Act, which helped to bring electricity to most rural homes in America. As Democratic majority leader, Sam Rayburn guided President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs through the U.S. House. On the personal side, Sam Rayburn was briefly married to Metze Jones, the sister of Rep. Marvin Jones of Amarillo. They were married in October of 1927 and divorced about 10 weeks later. On November 16, 1961, Samuel Rayburn died from cancer of the pancreas.

Feminism and Marginalization Essay

Female characters in Death of a salesman are marginalised and trivialised. Criticism from feminists reflects the lives of women and what extent they are marginalised and trivialised. Women are being relegated to a secondary level and are made unimportant as portrayed by critics, feminist and Arthur Miller in his book Death of a salesman and this can be derived from their views towards the topic. There are different reasons why and different ways in which women are made unimportant and ways in which this may be stopped if not minimized. Some feminist view marginalization and trivialization as factors brought about by equality or difference in gender or sex. They argue that women’s supposed differences from men have been used over the centuries to justify discrimination against women and their exclusion from full social and political citizenship. They argue that the constant differentiation, however has been that women have been given an inferior or secondary status in the society because of the assumed natural sexual difference pg9-10 (freedman. Feminism). For centuries difference has been the starting point of and justification for the creation of different social roles for men and women. Not only was women’s biological capacity for child birth and breast feeding and the generally lesser physical strength seen as determining their social role in the home ,occupying themselves with domestic chores and bringing up children, but it was also claimed that these biological differences made them unfit to participate in the public sphere. Women were judged to be less reasonable than men, more ruled by emotion, and thus incapable of political decision making, for example. They continue to say that the social roles and modes of behaviour that civilizations have assigned to women have kept them in an inferior position to that of men. This means that women are not like the Working classes in Marxism ideology: they have not emerged an oppressed group because of particular historical circumstances, but have always been oppressed in all forms of social organization. Ortner(1998: 21) argues: the secondary status of women in the society is one of the true universals, a pan-cultural fact. And as she goes on to explain, this secondary status of women can be explained by the fact that within multiplicity of cultural conceptions and symbolizations of women that exist and that have existed in different societies, there is a constant in the women are being closer to nature in their physiology, their social role and their psyche. Whereas women have been perceived as closer to nature, men have been perceived as closer to culture, more suited for public roles and political association. For this reason, women have been relegated to a secondary status in the society, often confined to roles in the home rather than able to accede to powerful public positions. For example Willy Loman treated his wife Linda badly, he overpowered her and he bosses her and disrespects her and s always rude to her and this is why she kept herself busy with house hold duties as any other oppressed wife would do. E. g he doesn’t give her a chance to talk when she tries to give her own opinion pg31 and he shouts at her a lot even she is doing the best she can to make situations better pg69 (Arthur Miller.  Death of a salesman) Carol Gilligan believes that the reason why women are marginalized and trivialised is because their voices have not been heard, that women have not been given a chance to air out their views because of the common culture that men are more superior. ‘Only if we can understand why their voices have been silenced, and how the dominant ideal of moral autonomy in our culture, as well as the privileged definition of the moral sphere, continue to silence women’s voices, do we have a hope of moving to a more integrated vision of ourselves of our fellow humans generalized as well as ‘concrete’ others’. Benhabib 1988:95) for example: where Linda tries to give suggestions or to air out her opinion then Willy tell her to shut up and he told her not to interrupt him. Willy does not allow her to say what she wants to say, he does not give her the opportunity to speak. This in its own way is marginalization and trivialization because it proves how men feel that everything they say is right and matters most than what women say because they feel that they are more superior than women. pg31 and pg49(Arthur Miller.  Death of a salesman) Feminist ambivalence to maternalism is based on the argument that women’s public role if framed women’s condition of oppression: the ideology of domesticity and women’s exclusion from public roles in society. The qualities and capacities make women different from men are those acquired through their condition of oppression. Pg31(Sara Goodman and Diana Mulinari. Feminist intervention in discourses on gender and development). Dorothy Smith(1987) has shown how men in position of power do not only control the world but name it and how women are excluded from the process of description and ordering the world. SHULAMITH FIRESTONE 1979:12 believes that women’s oppression is thus the primary oppression, ‘an oppression that goes back beyond history to the animal kingdom itself’, and this oppression is based on biological oppression. The effects of biology are all-pervading, and women’s inferior social position can be explained by biology- their reproductive capacity and their weakened physical condition – these biological factors being reinforced by men’s development of social structures that keep women tied to their reproductive role. pg69 (freedman.  Feminism). Examples of oppression are where Linda always tries to make situations better as way to please her husband, she takes a lot from Willy and never complains about the way he treats her. She takes all this in because she believes in pleasing her husbanding and by so doing it is shown that she is oppressed, she is not doing what she wants but what she thinks is right because she lives under the shadow of her husband and her dictatorship. E. g Linda looks out for her husband, does everything in his favour and does everything for him. E. where she asks her sons not give Willy a hard time and where she tries to make the situation batter by telling him that it was just a joke yet she know it wasn’t and she does this to protect him pg42-48(Arthur Miller. Death of a salesman) Firestone(1979) says women’s liberation is therefore ’a struggle to break free from oppressive power structure set by nature and reinforced by man’. She believes that women must be liberated th rough destruction of biological oppression and this can happen through the development of reproductive technologies that will free women from their biological reproduction capacity. In my opinion, marginalization and trivialization are phenomenons that exist in everyday life because it is believed that man are superior and women are inferior and this idea contributes thus they encourage marginalized and trivialization of women. Inequality and difference are also contributing factors because they give the impression that just because women and man are different based on their sex, women are believed to be incapable of a lot of things including decision making thus giving man the impression that they are able to rule or they are more capable of a lot than women. Oppression is also a contributing factor because it limits women from doing things to their full capacity in that they live according to what they are stipulated to do and this oppression gives man the power to belittle women and to make them unimportant. I believe that equality meaning equal opportunities to both man and women is the best solution to stopping marginalization and trivialization of women.

Lifespan Development Essay

Set forth by Margret Baltes, Paul Baltes and their associates, the life span perspective is the viewing of human development as multi directional, multi cultural, multi contextual,multi disciplinary and plastic. Human development is viewed as multi-directional because with time the characteristics of a human tend to change. Each person’s body consists of a large amount of genes and therefore bring the possibility of having several different directions that they could develop. Different events in life can lead to a change in direction. Some examples of those events may be the death of a loved one, losing a job, getting married, getting into college. etc. Researchers have used the multi directional perspective to figure out that losses and gains tend to occur simultaneously and that losses can lead to gains and gains can lead to losses. Human development is seen as multi contextual because it occurs in various contexts such as physical surroundings and the constellations of family. Urie Bronfenbrenner was the first to shine light on the need to consider multiple contexts. He recommended that when conducting a developmental study we should use an ecological-systems approach. This involves the belief that the individual should be considered in all contexts and interactions that life consist of in the study of human development. Bronfenbrenner later changed the name of this approach to bioecological to show the natural and biological aspects of this theory. There are three nested levels that each person is affected by. Microsystems is immediate surroundings such as friends, school, church and family. Exosystems is local institutions such as place of employment, school, and religious courses. Macrosystems involves the larger contexts such as political, economics and culture. Bronfenbrenner created a fourth system called mesosystem that connects all the systems together. An example of mesosystem would be the connection between family and employment. Family leave policies and overtime are examples of family and employment connections. Bronfenbrenner created the chronosystem or time system which also has an affect on the other systems. Development is viewed as multi cultural because there are many different cultures in the world today. Social scientists describe culture as a â€Å"meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival . . . pursue happiness and wellbeing, and derive meaning from life† (Matsumoto, 2009) Development is multi disciplinary because researchers must study various disciplines to understand it. Scientists usually break the study of human development into three segments to study it better. The segments are biological, cognitive and social. Each segment is a discipline that a scientist specializes in. It is also segmented in age groups such as childhood ,adolescence and adulthood. Development is plastic because the traits of humans can be molded much like plastic and people are durable like plastic. Two Theories of Life Span Development The first theory is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. He believed that personality was developed in stages. One of the main aspects of Erikson’s theory was the ego identity. This is the conscious sense of self that we develop during social interactions. According to Erik, it is constantly changing as we experience new things and learn new information during our daily interactions with others. Erikson also believed that behaviors and actions were motivated with a sense of competence. Each part of Erikson’s theory involves becoming competent in an area of life. The individual will feel a sense of mastery referred to as ego quality or ego strength if the stage is handled well. The person will feel a sense of inadequacy if the stage is not handled properly. He believed that people experienced a conflict that acted as a turning point during each stage. In his view, these conflicts were focused on creating a psychological quality or failing to create a psychological quality. The second theory is Jean Piaget’s theory. His theory is composed of four stages. The sensorimotor stage is from birth to 2 years and suggests the the child builds a set of concepts about reality through physical interactions. Preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 and 7. The child is unable to understand logic and cognitive thinking. They understand symbolic things and have acquired motor skills. Concrete operational stage occurs between the ages 7 and 11. Children are aware of external events. They develop operational thinking and can show logical reasoning. The formal operational stage occurs from the age of 11 to 16 and onward. Those who reach this stage have developed abstract reasoning and can easily think logically. How Heredity and Environment Affect Development Heredity and the environment both play an important part in human development. The heredity factors affect all aspects of development. Genes have a tremendous affect on the birth, puberty, growth and death of a human being. Many traits are inherited from our family members and determine how we develop. Our genetics help to determine how we might act. For example, if there is a history of mental problems in your family then you might be prone to mental illnesses as well. The environment also helps in the human development process. The way we act, dress, talk, etc can be affected by our surroundings. For example, if you are raised in â€Å"the ghetto† then you might be prone to violence, drugs, baggy clothes, and slang talk. Growing up around violence and drugs might make a person develop into a drug abuser or participate in violent activities. The people we surround ourselves with also affect our development. If we are surrounded by violence and drugs then we might think that it is a normal way of life and we might also participate in these activities. If we are not subjected to these types of activities then we have a less chance of getting involved in these activities. Conclusion In conclusion, the life span perspective sheds light on the many aspects of human development. It is multi directional because our lives can go in many directions as a result of different life changing events. It is also multi cultural as there are several different cultures involved. There are many different contexts involved in human development such as our physical surroundings and family constellations. Multiple disciplines are studied in order for researchers to understand human development. Human development is also referred to as plastic because it can be shaped and molded just like plastic. Our development is greatly affected by genetic factors and environmental factors such as inherited qualities and the people and activities we are surrounded by.

Sextus Empiricus and its Strengths essays

Sextus Empiricus and it's Strengths essays Sextus Empiricus' trilemma against justification is an argument presented in response to Plato's claim that knowledge is justified true belief. According to the trilemma, there can be no such thing as knowledge, because we can have no real justification for our beliefs. This is the basis of skepticism. There are many responses to that argument, including those of the foundationalist, coherentist, and infinitist. This paper will outline the general principles of Sextus Empiricus' Trilemma, as well as discuss the responses to that trilemma according to the foundationalist, the coherentist, and the infinitist. In addition, this paper will attempt to show that the foundationalist response has the most validity. Empiricus' trilemma begins with the assumption that we only have knowledge if our beliefs are justified. If those beliefs are challenged, there are only three ways in which we can attempt a justification. First, we can attempt to justify our belief set by reference to some foundational belief or belief set, otherwise known as foundationalism. The problem here is that the second belief or belief set is also not justified by any further belief. Second, we can justify our beliefs mutually, otherwise known as coherentism. In other words, any set of beliefs is justified in conjunction with another. Finally, we can create an endless digress of justification, where each proposition is justified by a unique proposition, which, in turn, is justified by another proposition, and so on. This is Empiricus continues the above argument by discussing why each possible justification is impossible. First, if we justify one belief by using another belief, and the second belief is a "basic" belief that requires no justification, we have not justified the first belief at all. For example, if a person is trying to justify the belief that man is good, and uses the belief that a...

The Skin Essays

The Skin Essays The Skin Essay The Skin Essay The Skin Do you look how you are supposed to look? Or act like you are supposed to act? I for one, do not. In todays society, there are people believe that they can read you instantly, based on your appearance. Just look at all the television shows about how to look your best, how to make the perfect first impression, all around teaching society today that it really is about how you look. In Teja Arbodelas essay, Race is a Four Letter Word, he discusses his life experience involving racial discrimination. He also deals with the topic of stereotyping, and how he has coped with such complications. Although some people believe otherwise, they cannot always see who you are by how you look or how you act. Arboledas experiences with stereotyping and racial discriminated started young as he wrote in Race is a Four Letter Word: My brother Miguel and I became curiosity factors when we appeared in public with her. (pg. 121) Whenever Arboleda and his brother (who are Philipino and German) were seen with their full German mother, people would not initially see that she was indeed their mother. I have had experiences identical to Arboledas. Being of Black, Japanese, and Mexican heritage, I have a very different appearance than my Black and Japanese father. Whenever my father was a chaperone on a field trip, or I forgot to grab my lunch, he would appear. Instantly, the whisperings of Who IS that? could be plainly heard. Once they connected the dots, the following question would be Thats your DAD? . It seems that people don’t really think about the effects the words may have before they speak. In elementary school, you were always shown people who looked alike to be the iconic family. They never showed a Black man with a little Asian girl standing next to him, standing next to a Mexican woman who is holding a little boy who doesnt look like any of them, labeled as Family. In explaining how he conforms to society, Arboleda write: Over adapting to new acculturation has become second nature to me, as my father and mother eagerly fed me culture. (pg. 121) Over adapting, or acculturation, is one of the ways that Arboleda has dealt with different environments and the people residing in them. Acculturation is an effective method of coping with discrimination, but not necessarily stereotyping. It also may turn others against you because they believe that you have sold out. The term â€Å"sold out, † means that you have discarded your past affiliation with a certain group and taken on the false persona of another lifestyle. It seems that no matter how you act, there is always discrimination under your feet, either from being undermined by ethnocentric people, or from the others who think you have sold out. Acculturation doesn’t allow you to avoid stereotyping because stereotyping still highly involves appearance rather than your attitude or what you sound like. The future of stereotyping and racism can do one of two things, rise or fall. Arboldea writes: In the next 20 years, the average American will no longer be technically White (Caucasian). This will be reflected in the media, in the workplace, and in the schools, not out of charitable interest, but out of necessity. (pg. 122) America is multicultural now, but it will be more than ever before in the near future. Like mentioned before, racism and discrimination will rise or fall. If it rises, it could tear America as we know it apart. There will most likely be such a demand for categorization that it will separate U. S. citizens dramatically and may even alter the borders of our U. S of A. Alternatively, if racism and discrimination were to fall, it would positively change Americans and possibly deny the need for categorization by a racial designation. Arboleda, Teja. Race is a Four-Letter Word from Race of Shadow (1998)

Lustreware - Medieval Islamic Pottery Technique

Lustreware - Medieval Islamic Pottery Technique Lustreware (less commonly spelled lusterware) is a ceramic decorative technique invented by 9th century C.E. Abbasid potters of the Islamic Civilization, in what is today Iraq. The potters believed that making lustreware was true  alchemy  because the process involves using a lead-based glaze and silver and copper paint to create a golden shine on a pot that contains no gold. Chronology of Lustreware Abbasid 8th c -1000 Basra, IraqFatimid 1000-1170 Fustat, EgyptTell Minis 1170-1258 Raqqa, SyriaKashan 1170-present Kashan, IranSpanish (?)1170-present Malaga, SpainDamascus 1258-1401 Damascus, Syria Lustreware and the Tang Dynasty Lustreware grew out of an existing ceramic technology in Iraq, but its earliest form was clearly influenced by Tang dynasty potters from China, whose art was first seen by those of Islam through trade and diplomacy along the vast trade network called the Silk Road. As a result of ongoing battles for control of the Silk Road connecting China and the West, a group of Tang dynasty potters and other craftsmen were captured and held in Baghdad between 751 and 762 C.E. One of the captives was the Tang Dynasty Chinese craftsman Tou-Houan. Tou was among those artisans captured from their workshops near Samarkand by members of the Islamic Abbasid Dynasty after the Battle of Talas in 751 C.E. These men were brought to Baghdad where they stayed and worked for their Islamic captors for some years. When he returned to China, Tou wrote to the emperor that he and his colleagues taught the Abbasid craftsmen the important techniques of paper-making, textile manufacture, and gold-working. He didnt mention ceramics to the emperor, but scholars believe they also passed along how to make white glazes and the fine ceramic pottery called Samarra ware. They also likely passed along the secrets of silk-making, but thats another story entirely. What We Know of Lustreware The technique called lustreware developed over the centuries by a small group of potters who traveled within the Islamic state until the 12th century, when three separate groups began their own potteries. One member of the Abu Tahir family of potters was Abul Qasim bin Ali bin Muhammed bin Abu Tahir. In the 14th century, Abul Qasim was a court historian to the Mongol kings, where he wrote a number of treatises on various subjects. His best-known work is The Virtues of Jewels and the Delicacies of Perfume, which included a chapter on ceramics, and, most importantly, describes part of the recipe for lustreware. Abul Qasim wrote that the successful process involved painting copper and silver onto glazed vessels  and then refiring to produce the lustrous shine. The chemistry behind that alchemy was identified by a group of archaeologists and chemists, led by who reported Spains Universitat Polità ¨cnica de Catalunya researcher Trinitat Pradell, and discussed in detail in the Origins of Lustreware photo essay. The Science of Lusterware Alchemy Pradell and colleagues examined the chemical content of glazes and the resulting colored lusters of pots from the 9th through 12th centuries. Guiterrez et al. found that the golden metallic shine only occurs when there are dense nanoparticulated layers of glazes, several hundred nanometers thick, which enhance and broaden the reflectivity, shifting the color of the reflected light from blue to green-yellow (called a redshift). These shifts are only achieved with a high lead content, which potters deliberately increased over time from Abbasid (9th-10th centuries) to Fatimid (11th-12th centuries C.E.) luster productions. The addition of lead reduces the diffusivity of copper and silver in the glazes and helps the development of thinner luster layers with a high volume of nanoparticles. These studies show that although the Islamic potters may not have known about nanoparticles, they had tight control of their processes, refining their ancient alchemy by tweaking the recipe and production steps to achieve the best high reflecting golden shine. Sources Caiger-Smith A. 1985. Lustre Pottery: Technique, tradition, and innovation in Islam and the Western World. London: Faber and Faber. Caroscio M. 2010. Archaeological Data and Written Sources: Lustreware Production in Renaissance Italy, a Case Study. European Journal of Archaeology 13(2):217-244. Gutierrez PC, Pradell T, Molera J, Smith AD, Climent-Font A, and Tite MS. 2010. Color and Golden Shine of Silver Islamic Luster. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 93(8):2320-2328. Pradell, T. Temperature resolved reproduction of medieval luster. Applied Physics A, J. MoleraE. Pantos, et al., Volume 90, Issue 1, January 2008. Pradell T, Pavlov RS, Gutierrez PC, Climent-Font A, and Molera J. 2012. Composition, nanostructure, and optical properties of silver and silver-copper lusters. Journal of Applied Physics 112(5):054307-054310.

Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Articles - Essay Example The penalties also apply to cases of full time employees only. Amount of cover may also vary across industries and penalties for non-compliance are lower than coverage costs. The policy therefore has strength of establishing minimum requirements for employer coverage but it lacks strong mechanisms for enforcement. It is however likely to promote employer coverage because of the legal environment and employers’ need for a positive image (Wojcik, 2013). The authors define managed care as a set of initiatives for organizing, managing, implementing, and evaluating care that targets a specific group. The care approach eliminates duplication of care initiatives and reduces cost of care. In addition, managed care focuses needs to ensure delivery of appropriate services at the right time. Changes in the legal and technological environment has however complicated the scope of care and led to development of managed care model. The model identifies possible interactions between factors to care provision and advocates for management so that all factors to care support each other. In addition, the model focuses on the patient and incorporates all stakeholders and environmental factors, and their potential influences on care delivery. The managed care and the model have the strength of focusing on the patients for efficient and effective care but face the challenge of complexity because of the numerous involved factors. It however offers an op portunity for improved care (Linsley and Morton,

Federal debt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federal debt - Research Paper Example all the state loans whether it is incurred for exploiting the natural resources of a country or for meeting or preparing for the war, or any commercial purposes, etc. is termed as Government Debt. (Hansen, 1941) The federal debt is created because the annual deficit of the government when the receipts of the government in a current year falls below the government spending. (Butler) This deficit is the amount that the government has to finance from other sources. The nature of the government debt is such that it is the debt of the people of the country which is why it is also known as the public debt as the government has to repay that debt by the amount it generates from the public in form of taxes. Therefore, it can be said to be the taxpayer’s indirect debt. (Peavler) State can raise loans in different forms. It may obtain loans from people within the country or from other states or by issue of inconvertible paper currency. There is always a limit of borrowing in each case whichever method is adopted by the state. If that limit is crossed, the country is bound to suffer. We discuss below the various forms of state borrowing and also the limit to which the state can borrow. When the state finds it difficult to raise its revenue by taxation then it resorts to borrowing from citizens and financial institutions within the country. That may fall into short term loans or long term loans or both. Now, it depends upon the socio-economic conditions of the country that how much loan the state will obtain. The state can also raise loans from the Central Bank of the country. The Central Bank purchases the government securities, bonds and debentures from the government and advances loans against them. It is that loan which is raised through international money markets, foreign governments and international agencies such as IMF. When state requires wealth, it makes effort to get as much loan as it can from other states. Foreign governments take into account many

Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skills - Essay Example It is preferable for the care giver to have the woman’s prenatal record when speaking to the woman during the admission process. This stage involves checking whether the labor experienced by the woman is false or true. If the labor is true the woman has to be admitted. Various factors are assessed in order to identify true labor (London & Old, 2008). They include intervals and intensity of the labor contractions, the dilation of cervix and the fetus conditions. The other assessment at this stage includes conducting a diagnosis test to find more information about the woman’s health status. Apart from assessing the labor status and the health conditions of the women, other factors such as psychosocial and cultural factors are also assesses at this stage. If the labor is true and the woman’s health condition is not good, it may result into maternal death, the woman will not give birth normally. Other strategies such as caesarean will be used (London & Old, 2008). During the second stage, care givers assess things such as the fetal status which include its position and heart rate. This stage also involves assessment of cervical dilation. Stage two usually starts when the cervix has dilated to 10 centimeters. The contraction of the uterine wall will also be assessed. A normal contraction at this stage should last for about 45 to 90 seconds. The position and the visibility of the baby will also be assessed at this stage. The behaviors of the woman are also assessed at this stage. For instance behaviors such as the urge to push are usually assessed (London & Old, 2008). I realized that nurses play a vital role during the labor stages. They give both physical and emotional support to the woman and her family in the entire process (London & Old, 2008). For instance, during the admission stage they usually help in assessing the risk factors and the

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Research Paper - Essay Example Traditionally, these problems were not apparent because tourists were very responsible in helping preserving the pristine nature of places they visit. But today the environment are becoming an eye sore because of exploitation through ecotourism. Wildlife is also threatened. Reasons for this could be poor management so that the environment and wildlife are not conserved. Ecoutourism became a form of business rather than appreciation of nature. Thus, most often it hastens the decline of natural resources and causes the imbalance of environmental ecology as a result of some extinction of fauna brought about by extensive tourism. Modern ecotourism should be transformed from its current state to the position where it contributes to ecological preservation, nature protection, and social responsibility. (Make sure you describe the problem fully in introduction. I think the problem was fully described. Besides I will be going beyond 5 pages if I will revise the introduction. I even went beyo nd the number of word count required in your paper)(he said to me need more describe so you can change some words by another words which is more value of describe) Ecotourism is believed to contribute to ecological preservation. This had been observed in the case of turtle based ecotourism at Mon Repos Beach just near Bundaberg, Australia (Tisdell, Clem & Wilson, Clevo, 1). The development of turtle based ecotourism contributed positively in its preservation. It was even adopted by other countries like Sri Lanka as their â€Å"come on† tourist attraction. Observation also reveals that when people are interested in certain place, the more that the host communities are going to exert effort to preserve its natural beauty. An example of this is the Great Wall of China. Ever since it attracted tourist from all over the world, the Chinese government started to pay particular attention in the maintenance of the wall as well as planting

Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics - Coursework Example Introduction & Background Nursing is a highly critical profession and involves significant ethical implications. These healthcare issues are very complex and require concrete awareness and analytical skills to overcome them effectively. The vitality comes from the fact that the ultimate customer in this profession is a patient whose survival and life depends on quality of healthcare services. Therefore, slight miscalculation and breach of ethical duties might result in deterioration of health and, in extreme cases, death. Practicing nurses must be well trained and knowledgeable in order to perform their obligations efficiently and need to be constantly supervised and mentored to prevent errors and non-compliance. Issues and proposed solutions There are various ethical issues involved in healthcare industry and nursing practice. Caretaking of patients, coming from diversified backgrounds, requires careful consideration of moral implications. Nurses must be fair and unbiased in their d uties, giving equal service to all patients regardless of their financial status, gender or ethnicity. Limited resources must be allocated with professional judgment to each patient according to genuine needs without any personal prejudice. These patients are often not of sound mind or appropriate age during treatment and therefore nurses must protect their rights in decisions they take. If a patient is capable, nurses must provide them complete autonomy to select options for treatment and must respect their choices. Moreover, to support their decisions, nurses must provide them complete information with integrity. This is a major obstacle since revealing about some adverse diagnosis results can be upsetting for nurses and might trigger hostile reactions. During treatment, it is important that healthcare professionals cover the patient’s body properly and avoid unnecessary talks regarding some physical irregularities to avoid discomfort. Additionally, they must respect privac y of medical information pertaining to patients and keep it confidential unless essential to be disclosed for professional opinions. They should take utmost care that they do not discuss any cases of patients outside clinical premises or during informal chats with friends, family, colleagues and other patients (Fry & Johnstone, 2002). Leadership needed to promote change Professional nurses and healthcare professionals must act as catalysts that trigger change and ensure smooth implementation of transition phase. In order to establish a strong ethical framework, they must promote teamwork and engage others in devising ethical policies. Efforts of all professionals must be collaborated and directed towards achievement of ethical compliance. Teams must be formed consisting of staff from different cultures and multiple disciplines in order to support diversified portfolio of patients. A learning environment must be created and strategic objectives and codes of ethics must be made common ly known. All subordinates must be mentored and provided counseling services in stressful situations and interpersonal conflicts. Clinical atmosphere must be instituted which encourages innovation and flexibility and stifles possibilities of errors and disputes. Regular performance appraisals shall be conducted

Alzheimer's disease and relationship to nutrition and hormone Essay

Alzheimer's disease and relationship to nutrition and hormone - Essay Example Alzheimer is mostly seen in individuals who are above the age of forty five and it principally develops into dementia in its latter stages. It is characterized by loss of cognitive abilities which occurs due to the loss of normal brain functions. In the latter stages of Alzheimer Disease the sufferer becomes totally disoriented and shows memory loss such that he is not able to recognize his very close family members. (Evans et al, 1989; Gao et al, 1999). The primary feature of Alzheimer Disease is the atrophy of the cortex. But in some cases it is seen that neuritic processes may accumulate, abnormalities in cerebral nucleus may occur or amyloid angiopathy may be seen. The question now stands as to why Alzheimer disease onsets in an individual. To answer this question many aspects of the disease are analyzed. Nutrition is presumed to be directly related to the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Research done on the relation of the nutritional status of an individual has shown that Vitamin D may have a direct relation with the onset of Alzheimer. A research by Dr Grant proves that Alzheimer’s may be related to low serum levels of Vitamin D. It is said by Dr Grant that old people usually have the deficiency of Vitamin D because of which dental caries, diabetes mellitus and depression may arise in individuals. And all these diseases together are presumed to be a cause for Alzheimer Disease. Relating nutrition to Alzheimer has paved way for many researches to be done on this issue (Drug Week, 2009). Such a research was done to find the relation between folate and the risk of Alzheimer Disease. It was seen in this research that individuals who consumed folate were greatly reducing the risk of acquiring Alzheimer Disease. The incidence rate was calculated to be 45% as the individuals consuming folate were decreasing their risk of acquiring Alzheimer by 55%. The research compared the individuals who were taking folate regularly to those who were not and it was

Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics - Coursework Example Introduction & Background Nursing is a highly critical profession and involves significant ethical implications. These healthcare issues are very complex and require concrete awareness and analytical skills to overcome them effectively. The vitality comes from the fact that the ultimate customer in this profession is a patient whose survival and life depends on quality of healthcare services. Therefore, slight miscalculation and breach of ethical duties might result in deterioration of health and, in extreme cases, death. Practicing nurses must be well trained and knowledgeable in order to perform their obligations efficiently and need to be constantly supervised and mentored to prevent errors and non-compliance. Issues and proposed solutions There are various ethical issues involved in healthcare industry and nursing practice. Caretaking of patients, coming from diversified backgrounds, requires careful consideration of moral implications. Nurses must be fair and unbiased in their d uties, giving equal service to all patients regardless of their financial status, gender or ethnicity. Limited resources must be allocated with professional judgment to each patient according to genuine needs without any personal prejudice. These patients are often not of sound mind or appropriate age during treatment and therefore nurses must protect their rights in decisions they take. If a patient is capable, nurses must provide them complete autonomy to select options for treatment and must respect their choices. Moreover, to support their decisions, nurses must provide them complete information with integrity. This is a major obstacle since revealing about some adverse diagnosis results can be upsetting for nurses and might trigger hostile reactions. During treatment, it is important that healthcare professionals cover the patient’s body properly and avoid unnecessary talks regarding some physical irregularities to avoid discomfort. Additionally, they must respect privac y of medical information pertaining to patients and keep it confidential unless essential to be disclosed for professional opinions. They should take utmost care that they do not discuss any cases of patients outside clinical premises or during informal chats with friends, family, colleagues and other patients (Fry & Johnstone, 2002). Leadership needed to promote change Professional nurses and healthcare professionals must act as catalysts that trigger change and ensure smooth implementation of transition phase. In order to establish a strong ethical framework, they must promote teamwork and engage others in devising ethical policies. Efforts of all professionals must be collaborated and directed towards achievement of ethical compliance. Teams must be formed consisting of staff from different cultures and multiple disciplines in order to support diversified portfolio of patients. A learning environment must be created and strategic objectives and codes of ethics must be made common ly known. All subordinates must be mentored and provided counseling services in stressful situations and interpersonal conflicts. Clinical atmosphere must be instituted which encourages innovation and flexibility and stifles possibilities of errors and disputes. Regular performance appraisals shall be conducted

Policing Policies Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policing Policies - Research Paper Example One of the more popular areas where policies have been implemented has been in the issue of policing and the creation of rules that govern law and order (Ratcliffe, 2008). This sector can be said to be one of the most significant areas in which policies have been utilized, and they are the reason behind the ability of law enforcement to maintain order within a society as well as determine the appropriate methods through which those that breach the laws that have been set out should be treated (Stone, 2008). The perspective used to create these policies will determine the methods in which the community will deal with the rules and regulations and those who break them (Peterson, 2005). There are two major policy perspectives that can be studying when broaching this subject; they include problem oriented policing and zero-tolerance policing. Problem Oriented Policing This policy perspective refers to a strategy that focuses on the problem that is being faced in a bid to come up with eff ective ways with which to deal with that specific problem (Taylor, 2007). The strategy involves the analysis of the various crimes that rock the society and then focus on developing solutions that will adequately solve the problem and is based upon ongoing studies to evaluate the progress made, and if the original solution needs to be modified or changed in any manner in order to make sure that the policies developed are successful in their endeavor (Stone, 2008). This strategy believes that by closely studying the problem, one is able to come up with more effective answers and solutions as they are given the chance to gauge not only the problem itself, but its underlying cause as well (Ratcliffe, 2008). By doing this, one is not only able to deal with the problem once it occurs, but determine ways in which the source can be dealt with in a way that will stop the problem from popping up in the first place(Peterson, 2005). The policy can be said to focus more on the effort of crime p revention rather than dealing with the crime itself and aims at working together with the community in a bid to decrease the level of crime rates in the society (Althaus, Bridgman & Davis, 2007). This perspective focuses on research and analysis and strives to prove that the best way of dealing with a problem is determining its cause so as to strike at it from its foundation (Fischer, Miller & Sidney, 2006). Problem oriented policing can be said to function on the basis of â€Å"prevention is better than cure† motto. There are various steps that can be taken when approaching the making of policies from this particular perspective (Ratcliffe, 2008). The process can be presented in over teen steps but can be summarized in just three steps that are taken by those who take part in this particular policy perspective. They include: Identification and Analysis of the Problem The initial step is analysis of the problem before any steps could be taken. The particular problem will need to be closely scrutinized in a bid to sufficiently understand the problem so as to determine the best way to solve it. This can be acheived by going through the various police records as well as interviewing members of the

Principles of Management Essay Example for Free

Principles of Management Essay The fundamental aim of any given business is to make profits and maximize those profits. Organizations therefore in its day to day business activities will always aim at making the maximum profits at a very low cost of production. This basically means that a company wants to make very high profits without incurring a lot of expenses. In minimizing their cost of production while still ensuring that maximum profits are realized, sometimes companies violate regulations and laws governing them. It is therefore of utmost importance that there are other external bodies charged with the function of carrying out checks and balances to ensure that companies, businesses and organizations in general do not violate laid down regulations as they attempt to maximize their profits at very low costs of production and also that the consumers gets the products at very affordable prices and that the environment is not polluted by the by-products of the manufacturing companies. Therefore the first purpose of regulating companies is to ensure that the consumer on the ground is not shortchanged in terms of prices. This basically means that without regulations a company may charge unreasonably high prices for its products to the disadvantage of the customer. The regulatory bodies therefore ensure that a standard price for every particular product is set and companies are given a limit and extent up to which they are not expected to exceed. Should there be a violation by any company the regulatory body always steps in and takes an immediate action and if the company had no justifications whatsoever to go against the laid down regulations, disciplinary measures against the company are the next step. Business regulation is viewed by many as a way of enhancing better business environment. Regulation is also done to ensure that companies give consumers quality products for their money. It has been observed over the past years that failure to keenly monitor a company’s activities leads to recklessness and negligence by manufacturers so that consumers get very lo0w quality products. The laws governing the regulation of a company therefore provide for a regulatory body whose function is basically to check the kind of products a company produces in terms of quality. The issue of quality is almost synonymous to suitability of a product for use by customers in terms of safety. A product could be of low quality in that it is not up to the standards expected of such a product. For instance, if it is a vehicle it would be said to be of low quality if it fails to cover the mileage a car of a similar make would be expected to make. Quality is also looked at in terms of suitability so that it is important for the regulatory board to establish whether a company is making are suitable for use. For instance, if it is a company that manufactures food stuffs, then the regulatory body must ensure that the foods manufactured are actually edible and safe for human consumption. In case of medical products they must ensure chemicals used in the manufacture of medicines have no side effects on the body of a patient. In case of electronic products it is vital to ensure that the are safe so that they don’t blow up on the user of that product. It is for this reason that every country has regulatory bodies known as bureaus of standards of goods and products in general are maintained by the manufacturers. Regulation by external regulatory bodies is also done to ensure do not carelessly dispose off waste products thereby polluting the environment. Most companies if left to go unregulated would cause a l0ot of harm to the environment. This is because of the kind of waste products they produce. Most of the waste products are not only toxic but also poisonous. The regulatory bodies are therefore very instrumental in ensuring that companies treat their waste products prior to releasing them to the outside world. Better still, they ensure that even with the w3aste products being treated, they are disposed in the right place and manner. A case scenario of a company that used to produce to waste products that were toxic and then carelessly release the waste products into the open air. This in turn caused the surrounding residents great suffering as there was an outbreak of diseases. The regulatory body immediately intervened and the company was closed down indefinitely until they found a lasting solution. It has also been observed that most industries would rather drain their waste products in the water . odies notwithstanding their toxic levels so that they cut down expenses of having to dispose the waste products in the right way. This kills the aquatic animals thus destroying the environment. The regulatory bodies in such cases are very quick to ensure that no life both human and that of animals is put in danger. Regulation is also done to ensure prompt payment of taxes by companies. Every company in business in every country is required to pay taxes to the government of that particular country. This forms a source of income for the government. Most companies as discussed earlier are very evasive because their main goal is to make maximum profits. Thus they sometimes attempt to evasion of payment of taxes in order to make as high profits. It is no secret that even the consumers on the ground who are the back bone of the business field are more often than not treated very unfairly by the businessmen as they attempt to achieve their principal of maximum profit at the lowest possible cost. Manufacturers and owners of companies always want to be beneficiaries of their work at no extra cost thus tax evasion and avoidance is very common in the business field. However, they ignore the fact that by engaging in such malpractices of tax evasion and avoidance the government stands s to lose a lot in terms of revenue and as a result the country’s population suffers as the government is no longer able to sustain their needs due to insufficient revenues. Note that the manufacturers have had nothing to lose as their businesses still go on as desired. It is also important to note that failure of companies to pay taxes automatically means that a lot more will be demanded from the individuals thus suppressing the common citizen. Most people don’t find the importance of paying taxes. Tax is an obvious source from which countries can generate cash to fund human development. It is also one of the means by which they can begin to free themselves from dependence on handouts and the punitive conditions often attached to aid. Tax can also help countries determine their own route out of poverty. How Tax Policies Fleece the Poor, Christian Aid, September 2005, page6) Regulatory bodies therefore ensure that companies pay taxes as they should to avoid suppressing the poor people. Research indicates that evasion and avoidance of taxes by companies has led to a considerable increase in Value Added Tax which is the tax imposed on common goods used by ordinary people therefore placing an unfairly heavy burden on poor people. Regulation of companies is also done to ensure that employers respect labor laws put in place to protect rights of employees at the work place. More often than not employers ignore the rights of their employees thus employees are made to work under very poor conditions. Therefore the regulatory bodies in conjunction with non-governmental bodies come together in defending the rights if the workers and ensuring that companies follow the laws governing the rights of the employees to the letter. The regulatory bodies also ensure that workers are not treated unfairly in terms of wages by ensuring that they are paid above the minimum wage. It also ensures that employees are not overworked in term s of work load and the number of hours that they work. The regulatory bodies are also very keen in terms of the age limit so that companies do not employ underage employees in order to have cheap labor. Another major function of the regulatory bodies is to ensure that companies submit annual returns as they should and within the required time. The annual returns and reports contain the activities of the company for a given period usually one year and include income generated, profits made, expenses incurred and losses made. Most companies default in the submission of these annual reports and returns in order to conceal the profits made and consequently evade being taxed. They also default in submission of the reports as a way of covering up for any activity or activities carried out in the year that contravened any laid down rules. The regulatory bodies therefore step in to ensure that all companies submit their annual returns and reports and that they do so within the required time. Regulatory bodies also play a major role in ensuring that companies comply with the general requirements of operating and running of a company. This is in relation to the formation of a company, who makes the board of governors, who constitutes members of a company, shareholders and all other requirements a company is expected to comply with in its operations. The regulatory bodies are always in the frontline in the protection of investors so that companies do not manipulate them as far as investment is concerned. From the roles discussed earlier, it is very clear that a regulatory body is of great importance in the business field as it ensures that companies operate without the slightest form of flaws. From the discussion, it is very clear. From the discussion, it is clearly spelt out that companies cannot by any means regulate themselves. This is for the obvious reasons that regulations of their operations are obviously incompatible with the fundamental principle with their fundamental purpose, goal and objective of making maximum profits at the lowest possible cost. It is unrealistic and almost impossible to expect that companies will regulate themselves while it is very clear that their main objective in business and the task of regulation totally are not synonymous. It is therefore in order to conclude that if companies are left to be in charge of themselves and asked to regulate themselves while it is very clear that their many objectives in business and the task of regulation totally do no rhyme. It is therefore in order to conclude that if companies are left to be in charge of themselves, they would take advantage, exploit people and the consumer on the ground would be on the losing end. It is therefore correct to state that regulation of companies and other business organizations can only be successfully done by external regulatory bodies separate from the company itself who have no interest whatsoever in either the company or activities. Therefore it is only with the right regulatory measures that a fair playground in the business industry can be achieved. This can be achieved by ensuring that regulatory bodies are established for checks and balances of companies and business organizations at large. Regulation by eternal regulatory bodies has also played a major role in establishing fair and healthy competition among businessmen therefore has a level playground to do their business.

Student Teacher Relationships and Positive Interaction

Student Teacher Relationships and Positive Interaction Teachers who have positive interaction with their students create classroom environments more helpful to learning and meet students developmental, emotional and educational needs. Teaching is a people profession that demands a large amount of time being dedicated to personal interaction. Positive teacher-student interaction has a very crucial role for effective teaching and learning to take place (Arthur, Gordon, Butterfield, 2003). There are many important factors including productive Teaching and learning. Positive teacher-student interaction can be defined by shared acceptance, understanding, affection, intimacy, trust, respect, care and cooperation (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, 2006). The Teacher Student relationship depends on very large extent upon effort from both parties although the teacher plays a key role and in fact, the responsibility, to initiate positive interaction. The teacher who is practical in representation, recognition, understanding, intimacy, expectation, respect, care and cooperation towards his or her students not only works at initiating positive teacher-student relationships, but also increases the likelihood of building strong rela tionships that will endure over time (Barry King, 1993). Teacher-student interaction is important for many reasons. Teacher student interaction is highly influence a students skill to change to University, to do well at University, and to relate to peers (Pianta, 1999). Teachers who had positive and secure relationships with students reported that their students were less likely to stay away from school, appeared more independent, more supportive, and busy in learning (Birch Ladd, 1997; Klem Connell, 2004). Teacher-student Interaction has an impact on classroom management and affects learning and growth. According to developmental perspective, the establishment of a positive teacher-student relationship aids a students cognitive, social and emotional growth and enhances their mental well-being (Brazelton Greenspan, 2000). The teacher-student relationships impact productively on a students self-esteem and enhance their skills. Student-Teacher interactions are very important for the development of the students academic self-concept and enhancing their enthusiasm and success. Colleges and universities that actively promote close and frequent contact between their students and faculty members are more likely to reap a host of benefits from such initiatives. Faculty members taking an interest in their students academic progress could potentially make significant contributions in increasing their intellectual and professional development (Anaya Cole, 2001; Chickering, 1969; Chickering Reisser, 1993; Cokley, 2000; Terenzini Pascarella, 1980). There is evidence that students successful in knowing even one faculty member closely are likely to feel more satisfied with their college life and aspire to go further in their careers (Rosenthal et al., 2000). Although most interactions with faculty tend to occur w ithin the formal classroom setting, students who experience informal interactions tend to be more motivated, engaged, and actively involved in the learning process (Thompson, 2001; Woodside, Wong, Weist, 1999). Informal interaction between students and faculty has been identified as a primary agent of college culture, and has an important influence on the attitudes, interests, and values of college students (Chickering Reisser, 1993; Lambert, Terinzini, Lattuca, 2007; Pascarella, 1980b; Pascarella Terenzini, 1991, 2005; Thompson, 2001). However, although previous research has established that student-faculty interactions are important, we still need to identify which aspects of student-faculty interactions are helpful and how these could significantly influence students to stay in college, increase their desire to work hard, stimulate them to enjoy learning, and encourage them to strive toward high achievement standards (Bean,1985). The current study addresses this gap in the li terature by examining eight specific types of student-faculty interactions as predictors of academic self-concept and three types of academic motivation, as well as academic achievement in a sample of college students from a medium-sized, public university located in the Midwestern United States. Interactions between students and faculty members are inevitable and personal connections that emerge through advisement and mentoring are highly valued (Light, 2001). In responding to several implicit, unspoken, and nonverbal cues, students are more likely to interact with faculty members perceived to be sociable, intelligent, showing leadership, supportive, and objective (Babad, Avni-Babad, Rosenthal, 2003; Furnham Chamorro-Premuzic, 2005). Faculty members allowing students to use their first names are perceived as higher in warmth, approachability, and respect in comparison to faculty members  who are addressed by formal titles (McDowell Westman, 2005). Student-faculty interactions can be formal or informal, occurring either inside or outside instructional settings, with both playing an important role in determining students academic success (Jacobi, 1991). The most frequent type of contact that students have with faculty members typically include situations in which they are asking for information about a course or visiting after class (Kuh Hu, 2001). Faculty-student interactions could  take on a more intense flavor in a tutorialstyle classroom, where a faculty member may meet with two students at a time for an hour, eventually interacting closely with about five such pairs of students per week (Smallwood, 2002). Such close, intense, interaction seems to enhance student learning and intellectual stimulation, with both students and faculty valuing the opportunity to know each other  at an informal and personal level. Cox and Orehovec (2007) identified four major types of student-faculty interactions with the most important, functional interaction, referring to academic-related interactions outside the classroom. The other three types include personal interactions about some personal issues unrelated to academics, incidental contact maintained by occasional greetings, and finally disengagement, where there is minimal interaction with the faculty mem ber inside the classroom and little or no  interpersonal exchange. Even though faculty members may not always be aware of it, their interactions  can have a far-reaching influence on their students. Faculty member-student relations are a strong motivator and indicator of learning (Christensen Menzel, 1998). In particular, Decker, Dona, and Christenson (2007) note that the student-faculty member relationship is more important in predicting  students social-emotional functioning than their academic performance. This implies that there is a support-seeking dimension in student-faculty member relationships that can be carefully nurtured to shape positive outcomes for students. Informal interactions with faculty members outside the classroom have been found to have an incremental effect on students motivation over and above the typical predictors of academic performance such as secondary school performance or academic aptitude (Pascarella Terinzini, 2005; Pascarella, Terenzini, Hibel, 1978). Informal discussions with faculty  members about intellectual issues are associated with increases in students aspirations to achieve at a higher level than would be predicted by pre-enrollment characteristics. Initial interactions with faculty members are also very influential in increasing the value placed on high academic achievement and in  compensating for the general student culture that does not typically value such achievement. Mentoring provided by faculty members as a sponsor, confidant, and protector seem to be relatively more important than even peer support, for students who are transitioning into college (Mann, 1992; Shore; 2003). Thus, faculty members seem to play an important role in the overall college experience for new and continuing students. Adolescents who model themselves after their teachers rather than their friends report higher levels of school adjustment (Ryan et al., 1994). Informal faculty-student contacts play a particularly crucial role during the first year in college because they allow students to integrate their academic and extracurricular experiences (Goodman Pascarella, 2006; Pascarell Terenzini, 1977; Pascarella Terenzini, 2005). Further, students reporting high and moderate levels of interactions with faculty members (relative to low interactions) rate their academic program as being more interesting, exciting, and enjoyable, as well  as more relevant and necessary for their career. Finally, substantive student-faculty interactions have been found to have a positive impact on students vocational preparation and intellectual development (Kuh Hu, 2001).These findings suggest that student-facultyinteractions have a multidimensional influence on the cognitive and emotional needs of students, thus val idating the importance of faculty members as role models. Some researchers have found that students who spoke more frequently with faculty outside class and received advice about their educational program reported significantly higher academic self-confidence (Plecha, 2002). This finding is congruent with Endo and Harpel (1982) and Astin (1999)s work showing that interacting frequently with faculty members is part of being academically engaged and students who are more involved do better in college. Similarly, Bjorkland, Parente, and Sathiyanathan (2002) note that students who are in more frequent contact with faculty members and receive more feedback on their performance show remarkable improvement in communicating in a group, competence in their specific field, awareness about their future occupation, and general problem-solving skills. Other reported benefits of such student-faculty relationships include greater satisfaction with academic life, lesser likelihood of dropping out, and feeling more intellectually driven (Hazler Carney, 1993). In support of Chickerings (1969) model, recent data suggest that students engaging in meaningful interactions with faculty members are more likely to have a sense of purpose and competence for succeeding in college (Martin, 2000). Further, students who perceive their faculty members to be caring and have positive informal interactions with them often report greater learning (Teven McCroskey, 1997) as well as satisfaction with college and enhanced intellectual and personal development (Lamport, 1993). When Pakistan was founded in 1947 as a result of the partition with India, the country had only one institution of higher education, the University of the Punjab. Over the next 20 years, many private and public schools and higher education institutions were established to help fuel the countrys socio-economic development. In the early 1970s, all of Pakistans educational institutions were nationalized under the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was committed to the idea of Islamic Socialism. For the next decade, Pakistans entire system of education was state-run. However, the growing demand for higher education fast outpaced the establishment of new public universities. During that period, the system could accommodate only 25 percent of the high school graduates who applied to higher education institutions. The overcrowding prompted many wealthy Pakistanis to seek university degrees abroad in the United States, Great Britain and Australia, while others sought out private tutors at home or entered the job market without a degree. In 1979 a government commission reviewed the consequences of nationalization and concluded that in view of the poor participation rates at all levels of education, the public sector could no longer be the countrys sole provider of education. By the mid-1980s, private educational institutions were allowed to operate on the condition that they comply with government-recognized standards. Until 1991, there were only two recognized private universities in Pakistan: Aga Khan University established in 1983; and Lahore University of Management Sciences established in 1985. By 1997, however, there were 10 private universities and in 2001-2002, this number had doubled to 20. In 2003-2004 Pakistan had a total of 53 private degree granting institutions. The rapid expansion of private higher education is even more remarkable if we look at the number of institutions established on a year-by-year basis. In 1997, for instance, three private institutions were established; in 2001 eleven new private institutions were opened; and in 2002 a total of 29 private sector institutions sprung up. According to HEC, there are total 128 recognized Universites in Pakistan, 70 are public and 58 are private. PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION While the quality of Pakistans private universities varies widely, they all share some common traits. Most of them have adopted the American model of higher education, which features a four-year bachelors degree and system of credits. Supporters of private higher education believe that non-government institutions can deliver higher quality education and do it far more efficiently than the public sector. They point to the fact that private schools rarely suffer the closures and class suspensions their public counterparts do, and that students enrolled at these schools are more apt to complete their degree programs on time. They also believe that private universities will introduce international standards of competence and accountability.

Sin, Guilt and Shame in The Pardoners Tale Essay -- The Canterbury Ta

   Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Pardoner's Tale," a relatively straightforward satirical and anti-capitalist view of the church, contrasts motifs of sin with the salvational properties of religion to draw out the complex self-loathing of the emasculated Pardoner. In particular, Chaucer concentrates on the Pardoner's references to the evils of alcohol, gambling, blasphemy, and money, which aim not only to condemn his listeners and unbuckle their purses, but to elicit their wrath and expose his eunuchism. Chaucer's depiction of the Pardoner in "The General Prologue" is unsparing in its effeteness; he has "heer as yelow as wax/ But smoothe it heeng as dooth a strike of flex/ By ounces heenge his lokkes that he hadde...But thinne it lay, by colpons, oon by oon" (677-681). The pale, lanky qualities of his hair relate to his androgynous makeup, and the repetition of "heeng" ironically foreshadows his castration. Further hints of the Pardoner's being a eunuch, such as "A vois he hadde as smal as hath a goot/ No beerd hadde he, ne never shold have," are interspersed between description of his "feined flaterye and japes" that accompany his selling of false relics (707). The assumption can be drawn that the Pardoner's status as a man is also one of "feined flaterye and japes," that he relies on words to compensate for what he considers a body as fraudulent as his relics. In this sense, the relics become a substitute for the Pardoner's loss of masculinity, yet also a symbol of his incompleteness. The Pardoner's need to flaunt them corresponds with his desire to boast of his hypocrisy, a preemptive, self-deprecating strike that ensures future resentment from his audience: "Thus can I preche again that same vice/ Which th... ... I wol thee helpe hem carye./ They shal be shrined in an hogges tord" (664-7). The Pardoner is speechless, and his repressed motive to expose the direct connection between his relics and his testicles is finally made by someone else. After the knight restores tranquillity, it leads one to wonder whether the Pardoner's underlying intent may have been to expiate his guilt and face his shame.    Works Cited and Consulted Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales in The Riverside Chaucer. General Ed. Benson, Larry D. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987.   Pichaske, David R.  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Pardoner's Tale." The Movement of the Canterbury Tales: Chaucer's Literary Pilgrimage.   New York:   Norwood Editions, 1977   Rossignol, Rosalyn.  Ã‚   "The Pardoner's Tale."   Chaucer A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Works.  Ã‚   New York:   Facts On File, Inc., 1999   

The Teaching Of English To Young Children Education Essay

Vocabulary plays a really of import function in larning a foreign linguistic communication and is one component that links the four accomplishments: speech production, listening, reading and composing. Without learning vocabulary, many pupils can fall behind in other capable countries. In order to pass on good in a foreign linguistic communication, pupil should get an equal figure of words and should cognize how to utilize them right. Experienced instructors of English as a Second Language know really good how of import vocabulary is. They know pupils must larn 1000s of words that talkers and authors of English use.Fortunately, the demand for vocabulary is one point on which instructors and pupils agree. For many old ages, nevertheless, plans that prepared linguistic communication instructors gave small attending to techniques for assisting pupils learn vocabulary. Some books appeared to be stating instructors that pupils could larn all the words they needed without aid. In fact, instructors were sometimes told that they ought non to learn many words before their pupils had mastered the grammar and sound system of the linguistic communication. In journal articles for instructors, vocabulary was rarely mentioned. Pronunciation and grammar were emphasized, but there was small or no accent on vocabulary. The purpose of my MA thesis would be to demo how the cognition of broad scope of vocabulary is of import for scholar of Second Language but besides how to do it interesting and easy adaptable for immature pupils. During my work in Primary School I have observed how easy kids become distracted when they are non motivated. It is really indispensable to maintain them engaged in the lesson. I know from my learning experience that utilizing assortments techniques and methods are really of import while learning kids. I would wish to see some of them. A figure of techniques can be adopted to show new vocabulary points. Some techniques are more popular and more frequently used than others. Besides it is up to the instructor which techniques he or she decides to utilize but ever the effectivity of instruction should be considered. Every instructor tends to utilize and prefers some technique that he or she finds interesting. There are techniques that are peculiarly appropriate for certain types of words – for illustration actions can be explained through dumb show. Another factor that is deserving sing is the age of the scholars. Younger 1s respond rather good when we show them concrete illustrations, the older 1s can pull off reasonably good abstract accounts or even definitions.The presentation of new vocabulary can be classified for illustration harmonizing to verbal and ocular techniques. Among ocular techniques we can happen images – flash cards, exposure and magazine images, wall charts, postings, chalkboard drawi ngs, word images, several realia that instructors can keep up or point to. Mime, action and gestures can be used particularly for explicating actions and times. Learners can label images or objects or execute an action.Verbal techniques consist of utilizing exemplifying state of affairss, descriptions, equivalent word and opposite word, collocations, graduated tables, and utilizing assorted signifiers of definition: for illustration, definition by presentation ( ocular definition ) , definition by abstraction, contextual definitions, and definition by interlingual rendition. Explanation can go highly hard particularly with novice degrees. There are many different methods and approaches how to learn a foreign linguistic communication, including vocabulary. I will advert some of them that can be used for learning immature scholars. A small spot of flooring method is the direct method. The female parent lingua is ne'er used, there are no interlingual renditions. Merely mark linguistic communication is used and merely complete sentences. Culture is considered an of import facet. Suggestopedia is a really successful method in assisting scholars to memorise words. This method stimulates the learner?s encephalon by music while larning but nowadays instructors seem to be go forthing this method. What truly works particularly for immature scholars is the Entire Physical Response method. Very many kids are nowadays really hyper and physically active and to concentrate for a long clip can be really hard for them. Using this method, games, altering subjects and utilizing a assortment of activities is really appreeciated by them. .Communicative Language Approach ( Teaching ) – CLT – stresses the significance of a linguistic communication in context. Communicative competency is extremely developed h ere and scholars are encouraged to pass on. When learning immature scholars, the instructor has to be strong at the cognition but besides needs to link with the kids. They need to experience the instructor likes them and wants to learn them something new. The consequences are seen easy and the scholars at this age are really thankful when person invest clip in them. The instructor has to cognize his or her students. It is of import to understand their demands, their outlooks with which each kid comes to the lessons, besides ways how to actuate them and last but non least their learning manner. All this the instructor is larning while working with the scholars. The instructors get to cognize their households, their avocations and involvements and merely basic information about the scholars. Besides, particularly today, we as instructors have to see the acquisition disablements excessively. There are more and more chidlren with these jobs and we as instructors need to assist them to bask the lessons and assist them to larn exces sively. The instructor needs to understand their differences, their cultural and household background. The features of immature scholars will be besides needed. I want to demo that working with them offers many possibilities and we can utilize many methods and attacks. During my teacher?s preparation I have learned that it is of import to larn about their personalities and besides to acquire to cognize them. Every scholar is different and we need to see each individual separately.

Reflect on my roles as student in the university based on Gibbs theory Essay

1.1 Introduction: Reflective practice is â€Å"the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning†, which, according to the originator of the term, is â€Å"one of the defining characteristics of professional practice†, Schà ¶n, D. (1983) Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge transfer, may be the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. I am going to reflect on my roles as student In the university, The reflective model I have chosen to use is Gibbs model (Gibbs 1988). Graham Gibbs discussed the use of structured debriefing to facilitate the reflection involved in Kolb’s â€Å"experiential learning cycle†. He presents the stages of a full structured debriefing as follows: (Initial experience) Description: â€Å"What happened? Don’t make judgments yet or try to draw conclusions; simply describe.† Feelings: â€Å"What were your reactions and feelings? Again don’t move on to analysing these yet.† Evaluation: â€Å"What was good or bad about the experience? Make value judgements.† Analysis: â€Å"What sense can you make of the situation? Bring in ideas from outside the experience to help you.† â€Å"What was really going on?† â€Å"Were different people’s experiences similar or different in important ways?† Conclusions (general): â€Å"What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you have undertaken?† Conclusions (specific): â€Å"What can be concluded about your own specific, unique, personal situation or way of working?† Personal action plans: â€Å"What are you going to do differently in this type of situation next time?† â€Å"What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt?† Gibbs, G. (1998), Gibbs, G. (2001). Gibbs’ suggestions are often cited as Gibbs’ reflective cycle or Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988), and simplified into the following six distinct stages: Description 1.2 Why is reflective practice so important? Reflective practice is important for everyone – and nurses in particular – for a number of reasons. First, nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families . They need to focus on their knowledge, skills and behaviour to ensure that they are able to meet the demands made on them by this commitment. Second, reflective practice is part of the requirement for nurses constantly to update professional skills. Keeping a portfolio offers considerable opportunity for reflection on ongoing development. Annual reviews enable nurses to identify strengths and areas of opportunity for future development. Third, nurses should consider the ways in which they interact and communicate with their colleagues. The profession depends on a culture of mutual support. Nurses should aim to become self-aware, self-directing and in touch with their environment . They can only achieve this goal if they make full use of opportunities to gain feedback on their impact on patients, patients’ families, their colleagues and the organization as a whole. Gaining this feedback involves using complex skills in detecting patterns, making connections, and making appropriate choices. Reflective practice enables nurses to develop their skills, increase their knowledge, and deal with emotionally challenging situations. Developing my reflective practice early on in your education will pay dividends on every clinical placement I undertake, building a strong foundation for a successful career in nursing. Developing reflective practice involves asking myself what worked, what didn’t, and what you would change for a better outcome in a particular situation. By effectively assessing my own and other’s practice, I will gain new skills and knowledge as a nurse. A vital part of the reflective process is to plan for changes in your behavior. One way to tackle this is to adopt the creative thinking strategy devised by Walt Disney. He had three stages to his strategy, based on different characters, each of which surfaced at appropriate points in the process of creating new projects. These three characters were: The Dreamer. This character looks towards ideas for the future. The main focus is on how the imagined future feels and looks. In this phase, people say: ‘I wish†¦ What if†¦? Just imagine if†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The Realist. This character is action-oriented, looking at how the dream can be turned into a practical, workable plan or project given the existing constraints and realities. The realist weighs up all the possibilities, asking: ‘How can I†¦? Have I enough time to†¦?’ The Critic. This character is very logical and looks for the whys and why nots to a given situation. The critic evaluates the plan, looking for potential problems and missing links, and says: ‘That’s not going to work because†¦ What happens when†¦?’ Effective planning of personal learning requires a synthesis of these different processes. The dreamer is needed in order to form new ideas and goals. The realist is necessary as a means of transforming these ideas into concrete expressions. The critic is necessary as a filter for refining ideas and avoiding possible problems 2.1 reflect on my roles as student in the university based on Gibbs theory: First stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection requires a description of my roles as student: Only one week before coming to Malaysia my husband and I celebrated our wedding. A wedding transforms both men and women. For whatever reason, spouses begin to talk each other for granted. It is probably because they know that will be together until death do us part. I really believe that even great marriages have terrible years, so bad that you are just tempted to give up. And do not. Hold on. There will come a time when you will look back on this moment as the prelude to something fuller and richer than you have ever experienced (from the movie â€Å"hope springs†) A relationship is like a house. When a light bulb burns out, you do not go out and buy a new house, you change the light bulb. It was very difficult for both of us (my husband and I) to start our marriage life in foreign country without any family support, learning and studying English with a lot of changes in our roles. I am now going to enter into the second stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection, which is a discussion about my thoughts and feelings: As student in university I should try to respects the safety and well-being of other people in the learning experience, recognizing my knowledge, skills and abilities, limits of responsibilities, legislative authority and supervision requirements. Understanding and clarifying my roles. Use clear, accurate and effective communication skill in professional interactions, identifying my needs as student, I should try to identify my responsibility and try to improve my ability and quality of my objectives. Becomes familiar with and follows the agency’s policies, procedures and principles. On top of these I should try to cope myself with the new situation as student how live in the multicultural country with different cultures, languages, foods, climate condition, even driving direction and roles. My mother tongue is Persian then Kurdish, the educational system in Iran is very different with here for example most of the time we study Persian text, for the first time it was very difficult for me to study the English text. Evaluation is the third stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection and requires the reflector to with state what was good and bad about the event. By living in Malaysia I can choose more suitable education methods for myself because there are more options. The course and teaching methods are quite different from my country. Secondly, I can improve my foreign language furthermore I can contact with others. Thirdly, it helps me to promote the mutual understanding of between my mother land and other destination countries. It gives me this opportunity to exchange information with the locals. I can get better understanding of the destination countries. Similarly, the locals also can get more clear recognition about other countries. On the other hand Believing in certain values and traditions when you are in a country which has the opposite ideals, can sometimes cause stress. Being far from my country and families, trying to cope with the climate and geographical area, trying the new foods and tastes, having allergy to some of foods and products, learning English and try to communicate with other people with English language, high cost of living and studying are the most difficulties of studying in Malaysia. Stage four of Gibbs (1988) is an analysis of the event, where Gibbs encourages the reflector to make sense of the situation. When I first time came to Malaysia I have experienced the cultural shock. Just as it took time to adjust to a different culture when I arrived here. I experience these kinds of symptoms: Restlessness The coping skills and strategies that were successful help me to adjust to my host culture are: Get involved Identify a support group of other study abroad students Suspend judgment until you understand a situation Always, always keep a sense of humor Because of different in geographical area the air pressure in Malaysia is lower than Iran thus the amount of oxygen is lower. Because of these matters After 2 days of arriving to Malaysia I had a severe headache and I was extremely sleepy I try to visit a doctor, she recommend me to do regular exercise. In conclusion, stage five of the Gibbs (1988) model, I really glad to have this chance to study in Malaysia and especially in university of Malaya, gaining an incredible experience and having international friends are the most important things which I have acquired by studying in Malaysia. By living in multicultural society I have this chance to expose to other cultures and learn about them. This leads to respect to other people and adapt to each other. I learn how to improve my talents and passions. I learn to develop tolerance for everything and eventually acceptance. In general being a student in university of Malaysia help me to balance myself and cope myself with my new roles as a wife and students in the university. 3.1 Conclusion In conclusion my reflection skills have developed through the production of this assignment. Using a model of reflection has helped me to structure my thoughts and feelings appropriately. My level of awareness concerning evidence based practice, and its importance, has been enhanced with the use of critical reflection. My competence has been further developed and I now feel that my personal and professional development is progressing. Using this reflective model has helped me to realize that my learning is something which I must be proactive in. Furthermore as a student nurse I have recognized that reflection is an important learning tool in practice. I realized that Reflective practice is the process of developing new Insights through self awareness and critical reflection upon experiences both in the moment and from past experiences. Reflection is a remarkable learning tool, research methodology, and leadership strategy to gain clarity of inner beliefs and enhance the art of being present in the moment. References: Gibbs, G. (2001). Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods [monograph online]. Reproduced by the Geography Discipline Network. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods, Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development, Oxford Polytechnic. London: Further Education Unit. ISBN 1-85338-071-7. Section 4.3.5 Schà ¶n, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner, How Professionals Think In Action, Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-06878-2.a