Negotiate - 1105 Words

P ROGRAM ON NEGOTIATION AT H ARVARD L AW S CHOOL AN INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM TO IMPROVE THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION EAZY’S GARAGE DRRC Version Confidential Information for Frances Litchfield, Dentist You have been a steady customer at Jim Eazer’s garage for as long as you have owned a car, and your family has been a customer for as long as you can remember. Eazer’s garage is convenient to your house, Jim has always given good service, and up to now you have always gotten special treatment from Jim Eazer in the form of fast service and reduced bills. You own a five-year old Japanese Merxedes with 75,000 miles on it that you bought two and one-half years ago for $5,000. One week ago you took the car in†¦show more content†¦You both got a little hot under the collar and Jim then prepared a bill based on the estimate given in an industry-wide Standard Manual for the price of parts and how long it should take to do this job: This version of Eazy’s Garage was written by the Dispute Resolution Research Center at the Kellogg School of Management. The original case was created for the Harvard Negotiation Project by Bruce M. Patton, based on an idea from the American Arbitration Association. Copies of the original version are available at reasonable cost from the Clearinghouse, Program on Negotiation, Harvard Law School, 518 Pound Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138. Telephone: 617-495-1684, Fax: 617-495-7818. This case may not be reproduced, revised or translated in whole or in part by any means without the written permission of the Director of the Clearinghouse. Please help to preserve the usefulness of this case by keeping it confidential. Copyright  © 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1995 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. EAZYS GARAGE – Confidential Information for Dr. Frances Litchfield $ 200.00 $ 418.00 $ 618.00 parts labor total Now very upset, you refused to pay, and left. That night after the garage had closed, you returned with a spare key and drove your car away. The next day you were contacted by Jim Eazer’s lawyer, who mentioned the possibility of a criminal complaint for conversion of a mechanic’s lien. TheShow MoreRelatedGovernments Should Not Negotiate With Terrorists1711 Words   |  7 Pagescan make a profit out of stealing purses. The thief would also use the $100,000 to buy a gun or other weapons or vehicles that would help him steal future purses. Now think about the thief as a terrorist and you as a government. Should governments negotiate with terrorists? Terrorism activities have increased these past few years due to faulty decisions made by governments when dealing with terrorists. Many have made the mistake of compromising with terrorists, which makes them appear weak and targetableRead MoreIf A Party Negotiates A Bad Deal?1283 Words   |  6 Pagesmust move from the promisee for the law to assume consideration had taken place. It must also be taken that the consideration is deemed sufficient that it is good and has a value. Under consideration the courts do not consider the value. If a party negotiates a bad deal, consideration does not have to be adequate. The courts role is to ensure that consideration was sufficient Chappel Co v Nestle Co (1960). intention To Create Legal Relations Assessment criteria 1.3 asks you to discuss the ‘intentionRead MoreShould We Negotiate With Terrorists?1286 Words   |  6 PagesShould we negotiate with terrorists? Terrorism has been a problem that the world has faced for many centuries now. Everyone at some point has experienced it in some way or another. Although the names remain unknown, it empowers the terrorist to a certain degree. Being threatened by terrorist shuts down our society. Last year, the entire Los Angeles County school system closed for the entire day, leaving parents that worked scurrying for last minute babysitters, not to mention, the fear fromRead MoreShould The United States Negotiate With Terrorist?999 Words   |  4 PagesShould the United States Negotiate With Terrorist? The event of September 11, 2001 has left Americans afraid and the government on edge when it comes to our national security. Many individuals are wondering how individuals could use themselves as human bombs or would want to sacrifice themselves to kill thousands that they have never met or talked with (Post, Ali, Henderson, Shanfield, Victoroff Weine, 2009). Since 9/11 happened, there has been an emotional change in the American public, whichRead MoreThe United States Should Not Negotiate With Terrorists922 Words   |  4 Pages The United States first tool to achieve these goals is diplomatic. First, the United States needs to retract the policy that the United States does not negotiate with Terrorists. Negotiation creates a negative connotation of concession or handing power over to the enemy. Negotiation, however, can be mere discussion with the enemy to find a way to end violence. Diplomatic tools consist of treaties, conventions, alliances, and accords. Holding conventions and creating accords will be the most successfulRead MoreTips For Negotiate Your Job Salary1319 Words   |  6 PagesTips to Negotiate your Job Salary Whether you are looking for a promotion or starting a new job, salary negotiation provides one of the best routes to increase your pay package. Unfortunately many people do not think of negotiating because they feel uncomfortable or are outright scared. A study conducted by Salary.com, extricates the divide by revealing that a sizable 18% of people do not negotiate for pay. The same statistics indicate that a whopping 44% of people have never considered bringingRead MoreGovernment Should Not Negotiate with Terrorist Essay823 Words   |  4 Pages   Government Should Not Negotiate with Terrorist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many countries have policies which pledge to not negotiate terrorists yet negotiating are still occurs behind the scene. Negotiating is to reach to an agreement through discussing formally with others but terrorists by definition is someone you disagree with. So negotiating with them to make an agreement is nonviable. In 2003, President George W. Bush proclaimed that â€Å"You have got to be strong, not weak. The only way to deal withRead MoreAnalysis Of Amigas And Amantes : Sexually Nonconforming Latinas Negotiate Family1835 Words   |  8 Pages In Amigas and Amantes: Sexually Nonconforming Latinas Negotiate Family, Katie Acosta explores how Latina women, who sexually identify as lesbian, bisexual, or queer, struggle to create and maintain family ties. Recalling the lived experiences of these sexually nonconformity Latinas, Acosta uses the theory of intersectionality to examine how the different identity markers (such as race, gender, age, sex, etc.) profoundly affects the way these Latinas experience their family. In this essay, we’llRead MoreExploring How Americans Negotiate Between Blackness And Whiteness 2342 Words   |  10 Pageslegitimize the color line, hence blowing the cosmic proportion of the American ideals of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’ and celebrating instead the idiom of ‘separate but equal’. The aim of this paper then is to explore how Americans negotiate between ‘blackness’ and ‘whiteness’. The texts offered throughout this cour se have focused on the injustices done to Blacks throughout United States History, by understanding them together they highlight the atrocities still intact today. ThroughoutRead MoreWhy The United States Should Negotiate A Separate Section 123 And 1 Alliance And Hold The Iri1752 Words   |  8 Pagescontinues to meet its obligations, and prior to the expiration of JCPOA enrichment limitations, the U.S. should attempt to negotiate a separate Section 123 like agreement with the IRI. The proposed bilateral agreement will further restrict any future enrichment activities to levels deemed acceptable by the U.S. As an inducement to ratify the proposed agreement, the U.S. should negotiate an increase of humanitarian assistance and foreign aid to Iran. To address activities not specifically covered by the

Snow White Case Study - 1086 Words

This writer analyzes a case that pertains to a patient by the name of Snow White. Snow White’s case delineates and highlights the intricate factors that can play a role in the decision that involves long-term disability leave. Snow White’s case involves psychotherapy notes, a car accident that left Snow White with a possible temporary or long term disability. The car accident left Snow White with the inability to work and seeking to request disability. However, the direction the case took was life changing as Snow White was denied disability. The reasoning behind the decision involves the disclosure psychotherapy notes, which were not accurate according to Snow White. This writer analyzes how this case could have been examined differently†¦show more content†¦Afterwards, Snow White was involved in a car accident, in which she was rear-ended and resulted in a condition referred to as connective-tissue disorder. Subsequently, this injury left Snow White unable to work due to a worsening back pain. She then applied for long-term disability leave. In the process her employer’s carrier, Walt Disney Corp. requested for Snow White to sign a broad release covering her medical records. Three months after, Snow White found that that she was denied long-term disability coverage on the basis of the psychologist’s notes. Apparently, the psychologist’s notes stated that Snow White was seeking employment elsewhere and that she was working on a case. However, the psychologist’s notes are what cost Snow White her request for long-term disability coverage. Now, Snow White is pondering whether if she has a cause of action case? When it comes to filing a litigation based on cause of action, the person filing must establish prima facie (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2015). Essentially, prima facie is gathering evidence that fits a cause of action (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2015). To start Snow White could appeal the decision made by the employer’s carrier or perhaps seek mediation. Snow White can seek a cause of action against the psychologist based on defamation. The defamation, is where Snow White would have to prove that the psychologist’s notes tarnished her image, and subsequently cost her long-term disability, herShow MoreRelatedSnow White Paper Company Case Study1044 Words   |  5 PagesSnow White Paper Company If I were to price these boxes any lower than $480 a gross, said James Brunner, manager of Snow White Paper Companys Thompson Division, Id be countermanding my order of last month for our sales force to stop shaving their bids and to bid full cost quotations. Ive been trying for weeks to improve the quality of our business. If I turn around now and accept this job at $430 or anything less than $480, Ill be tearing down this program Ive been working so hard toRead MoreAnalysis Of Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs1411 Words   |  6 Pages Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Film Critique Di’Yana Mathis ENG225: Introduction to Film Professor Sameer Joshi October 2, 2017 â€Æ' Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Film Critique Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1938), is a fantasy film written by Ted Sears and Richard Creedon. This animated movie, made by Disney, was created so young children can watch and enjoy all over the world. This is a very popular film because it was the first animated movie created in England and made in color. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Abate s First Chapter On Snow White And Maria Tatar s Observation Of Classic Fairy Teles783 Words   |  4 PagesDiffering Facts from Fictions: which Fictions? Reading Abate’s first chapter on Snow White and Maria Tatar’s observation of classic fairy teles, my mind simultaneously wonders to the recent factual events occurring in both Indonesia and the United States. In 2015, an Indonesian (step) mother banged her 9 year old daughter to the wall, buried her with her favorite doll, and announced to the public that her child was missing to get the public sympathy. The nation was enraged, shocked, and were unableRead MoreFairytales May Convey a Hidden Message1382 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered inferior to men. â€Å"†¦it is a fair assumption that in a world dominated by men, the fairy tale reflects the world as defined and organized by men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Oliver 86). Stories such as The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Anderson, Cinderella and Snow White by the Grimm’s Brothers, and Beauty and the Beast (La Belle et la Bà ªte) by Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbet de Villeneuve, emphasize the different inequalities b etween men and women. â€Å"Girls in Fairyland do not triumph over males; they obey.† (OliverRead MoreThe Reality as Opposed to the Disney Versions of Snow White and Sleeping Beauty1547 Words   |  7 Pagesalters the original tales to grasp the attention of a large audience. However, some of these interpretations hide the primary interpretation. The original interpretations of the Disney classics Snow White and Sleeping Beauty are greatly reinvented from the original fairytales Sun, Moon, and Talia and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs because of the brutal nature of the treatment women in these original forms. Although there are differences in certain aspects from the original tales to the movies, thereRead MoreA Research Study On The Snowshoe Hare1492 Words   |  6 Pages Kielland, 2015). These beautiful creatures are preyed on by a multitude of different animals and also wander into an array of climates. Sunny, hot, snowy, cold, windy, chances are a snowshoe hare has ex perienced it all. It is important within a study to cover all of the bases in order for the data to be as accurate as possible, to see the predicted survival rates of these animals, and to show what needs to be done in the future to decrease the predation rate in order for the hares to survive andRead MoreFilm Production Of Disney Films1737 Words   |  7 Pagesprince. The film â€Å"Cinderella† provides an effective example for this claim. On this note, she finds herself chained to a servitude role for her entire life as she awaits an escape from her marriage. The Disney films illustrate female heroines such as Snow White, Cinderella, and Sleeping Beauty as female characters that are quite helpless in the dilemmas or predicaments (Oliver and Green 67-88). On this note, the producers educate the children viewers that ladies are supposed to be rescued in life. AccordingRead MoreAngela Carter, the Snow Child Symbolism Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Some readers may sugg est that ‘The Snow Child’ is a simple one dimensional Gothic narrative, whilst others might argue that it is a complex allegory. What is your response to the text? Carter expresses many aspects of the gothic genre in her short story ‘The Snow Child’. However the play doesn’t merely consist of gothic themes such as the supernatural, incest or the sublime, like many critics may suggest, but relies on an allegory which by definition can make the narrative much more than whatRead MoreThe Hunger Games, Catching Fire, And Mockingjay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesis that any traumatic event can cause PTSD, and it is even portrayed by some of the most beloved characters in pop culture today. One such character is Katniss Everdeen from The Hunger Games series. By taking the cognitive approach to examine this case, it is easy to diagnose and suggest possible treatments for the character. First of all, who is Katniss Everdeen? The Hunger Games, Catching Fire, and Mockingjay is a trilogy of young adult novels that have been adapted into four major motion picturesRead MoreGender Role Portrayal And The Disney Princesses Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesWhen looking at the history of Disney animated films there seems to be a common trend that is prevalent in most of their films and the roles that their female characters play. In the first three movies produced by Disney in the 1930s and 50s (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, and Sleeping Beauty) the female characters are depicted in more traditional gender roles compared to the five films produced after the 1980s (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Pocahontas and Mulan)(England

Human Resource Management for Performance - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Goals and Performance. Answer: Introduction: The change in the contemporary world and the demands of the customers results in changing the business practices and the interrelationship between the organizational functions. It has been analysed that Human Resource management is one of the functions of the organization that is very important. This is because humans are the resources that can provide competitive advantage to the company (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). An effective human resource system is required in the organizations to maintain and motivate the human working in the organization. It has been analysed that when the employees of the company are in the correct path, they can potentially achieve the goals and thus leads to organizations success or achieve of organizations objectives. Success of the organization depends on the achievement of the set objectives and this achievement is purely dependent on the workforce that is working for the organization. If the workforce of the organization is skilled enough to complete their work then organisation can easily achieve their targets. Functions of human resource management: There are many functions and operations in human resource management which are being conducted in order to have better and efficient management of human resources working in the company. some of the function that support the management of workforce in the organizations are training and development, compensation policies, rewards management, recruitment and selection, performance appraisal strategies, etc. All these function contributes directly or indirectly on the organizational gaols and performance. This is because the ultimate target of the company can only be achieved if every employee in the organisation enhances their personal and individual targets. It has been analysed that for making the organizational performance efficient, it is required to put in some strategies for the employees to be efficient at individual level (Paill, Chen, Boiral and Jin, 2014). Impact of training and development on organizational performance: Training is the one of the most important key factors in order to achieve the organizational goals. The employees themselves play better roles in defining their own requirement of training so as to match their skills with the requirements of the organization. The major aim of human resource management in this context should be to hire the people who have the capability to integrate the eternal and internal information and turning it into better knowledge that can be transferred to the employees (Alfes, Shantz, Truss and Soane, 2013). By conducting the training session at the organization, various skills can be developed among the employees of the organization. Companies who want to attain the competitive advantage through their employees have to make efforts in conducting the training session that results in developing the skills of the employees by providing them proper and frequent trainings (Grohmann and Kauffeld, 2013). Understanding of the companys objectives is very much import ant at the time of making the targets and the objectives of the training. There are many companies that facilitate their employees and provide them with great training programs so as to develop their skills. Amazon is one of the companies that provide the training to their employees even before hiring them (Sung and Choi, 2014). This is because the company has the objective to achieve higher sales and thus it is required to have theta tactics in its employees. The company claims that they want their owner to be the employees and thus also trains the employees to work from home so that they can balance their work as well as their personal life. ATT is another company that serves the market with telecom services. It is the company that has its own university that allow the employees to educate themselves with the Nano-degrees in the field of mobile and technology (Ford, 2014). Both the companies that have been discussed above are the companies having different organizational objective s but they have set their training programs as per the objectives of the company (Elnaga and Imran, 2013). It has been analysed that provision of training develop the morale of the employees and also helps the employees to feel motivated. As far as the hotel industry is considered, it has been analysed that kit is the most industry that deals with many services and the employees working in this industry has the aim to make the customers feel comfortable and satisfied (Ferreira, 2016). Thus, these employees need to be trained at the level so that they can deals with the customers from any location. Marriot is one of the hotel chains that serves the employees with great training programs and explore their knowledge and skills regarding customers interaction. The methods that are used by Marriot are virtual as well as in person (Cummings and Worley, 2014). The company provides training to the employees in every half year so that the changes in the practices in hotel industry can be inf ormed to them. This also helps the employees to develop themselves individually and motivates them to develop their career. It has been analysing that training and development is the function of the human resource management that deals with development of the employees as well as the organizations. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the above discussion that human resource management is the most important function of the organization that directly affect the performance of the organization. This is because every organization depends on the workforce that is working for the company. It is required by the companies to provide ad update the skills of the employees so that they can work as per the current skillsets and provide organization with the competitive advantage. It has also been analysed that training and development of the company also motivated the employees who helps the employees perform better for the company. The sot important thing that needs to be considered is alignment of the training objectives of the employees with the objectives of the organization. References: Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Elnaga, A. and Imran, A., 2013. The effect of training on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,5(4), pp.137-147. Ferreira, A.P.V.G., 2016. Training and Development in Organizations: Start at the Beginning. InMBA(pp. 105-121). Springer International Publishing. Ford, J.K., 2014.Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Grohmann, A. and Kauffeld, S., 2013. Evaluating training programs: Development and correlates of the questionnaire for professional training evaluation.International Journal of Training and Development,17(2), pp.135-155. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O. and Jin, J., 2014. The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), pp.451-466. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2014. Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,35(3), pp.393-412.

Wife Of Bath Essays (798 words) - The Canterbury Tales, Literature

Wife of Bath Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London in 1340 (Fuller 12). Geoffrey Chaucer's fortunes were closely bound with these of John Of Gaunt, the son-in-law to the Earl of Derby (Fuller 12). Around the year 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer was charged with rape by a woman named Cecily Chaumpaigne (Williams 28). It is most likely that a distinguishable character, such as Chaucer would not have been guilty of this charge. However, the word "rape" probably referred to abducting rather than assaulting a woman as it means today (Halliday 68). Cecily Chaumpaigne in 1380 released Chaucer of all charges of "raptu meo," a phrase that could be interpreted as "seizing me" (Williams 28). It is possible that this allegation of rape brought on to Chaucer by Cecily Chaumpaigne, is the very reason behind the Tale of the Wife of Bath. The wife of Bath was a plump, florid, jolly, bold, lusty, and voluptuous woman. She was the most valuable of women. The wife of bath cannot resist telling her companions about all of her sexual experiences. She has had five husbands. Her husbands fell into two categories. The first category of husbands was: rich, but also old and unable to fulfill her demands, sexually that is. The other husbands were sexually vigorous, but harder to control. The first three were rich, old, and jealous. She tamed them by accusing them of promiscuous behavior, that she herself practiced. Her fourth husband had a mistress, so she "gave him a real cause for jealousy" (Halliday 119). At the funeral of her first husband she fell in love with the legs of an Oxford clerk. Although he was half her age, he became her fifth husband. This marriage was unhappy because he beat her. To anger her fifth husband, the wife of Bath tore three pages from his book. After this he beat her again. She pretended to be dead and he felt so guilty that he threw his whole book in the fire. This gave her the upper hand for the rest of his life. She presently is looking for a sixth husband when her character is introduced (Halliday 119). The tale the wife of Bath tells us all is about a Knight who ultimately rapes a maiden and is sent by the queen on a quest to seek out what it is that women want most. If he succeeds and finds the answer, he lives, if he fails, he dies. The penalty for rape in the medieval era is death. The king is ready to have the knight put to death when the queen speaks up and allows to give him the chance to live. The knight is morally raped when he gives up all his power of choice to the queen in order to live (Williams 64). The word rape is often promoted by the wife throughout the story (Williams 64). The king in the wife's tale represents authority. The king would have inflicted punishment on the knight. The queen on the other hand would have commuted his sentence to rape him back, "An eye for an eye (Williams 66)." The conclusion is triumph of her theme, tyranny. The wife is the rapist knight herself (Williams 66). The wife having created the knight and theme of rape is a perpetual self-rapist (Williams 66). There is irony in the wife's tale. Her tale is of the antifeminist clich?, that all women in their hearts desire to be raped (Williams 67). Through her tale she fulfills her desires and resolves the oppositions that she faces (Williams 69). The women of the middle ages tended to be anonymous (Evans 330). They were not soft nor sheltered, but mere property. They were at the disposal of their parents and later on husbands. They had no say in fighting, administrating, justice, or learning. These duties were taken care of by the men to take care of (Evans 330). Even though women played no role in society other than child bearing, they fell in love, became married, became divorced, and coped with problems the same as we do in the present day (Evans 3330). The wife's tale is one of struggle of power and who has the upper hand in any relationship. The

Beauty Behind the Madness Professor Ramos Blog

Beauty Behind the Madness Noah Rougely English 102 July 27, 2018 Imagine being stripped of all your greatest qualities in your life just because someone else was jealous of you. In the story of Medusa, beauty is punished in this way and is brought to the point of horror. In the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hesiods  Theogony  (c. 700 BCE) and Ovids  Metamorphoses  (8 CE), Medusa is presented as originally having been a beautiful maiden and priestess of the goddess Athena.† (Kaleta) Medusa was well known for being so beautiful, having lovely healthy hair, and remaining a virgin in honor of Athena. She had two sisters and they are known as the Gorgon sisters. She was the only mortal of the 3. She was greatly sought after but she always chose to remain pure. She was so beautiful that many men and even other gods tried to take her virginity, but she would never allow it. Men would come all the way to the temple just to catch a glance of the beautiful Medusa and some even said her hair was more beautiful than Athena’s. There was a time when Poseidon, the god of the sea, was in conflict with Athena and he also had intense lust for Medusa. He saw her as a pure possession of Athena and tried to take her virginity to get back at Athena. Medusa always rejected him. He was so infatuated with her that he decided he would not take no for an answer. He aggressively pursued Medusa until she fled to the temple of Athena for help, but to no avail because Poseidon caught her and still raped her. Punishing a god was out of the question, so when Athena found out, she then changed Medusa into an ugly serpent-like monster with hideous features and hissing snakes for hair. She was so ugly that one glare could turn any man into a pillar of marble. â€Å"Pseudo-Apollodorus also suggests in the  Bibliotheca  (first century BCE) that Medusa was punished by Athena because her beauty rivaled that of the goddess.† (Kaleta)   She changed everything she envied into something grotesque. Medusa became pregnant aft er being raped by Poseidon and after she was beheaded later in the story by a mortal named Perseus, Chrysaor and Pegasus were born from her open wound when she died. Before this event, many warriors tried to challenge her, but they ended up getting turned into stone with her vicious gaze. Medusa is later killed by the Greek hero Perseus, son of Zeus and the mortal Danaà «. His grandfather, Acrisius, had been warned by an oracle that Perseus would kill him so he put him and his mother in a chest and threw it into the ocean. It drifted to Seriphus, where King Polydectes took them in and helped them. King Polydectes eventually fell in love with Danaà «, but he could not make a move on her with her son always around. In a ceremony he chose Perseus away to slay Medusa as a way to receive high honor, thinking that Perseus would die on the journey. The goddess Athena liked Perseus though, so she directed him to the Hesperides, nymphs who supplied him with divine tools to slay Medusa with. He was given a great sword that was sharp enough to cut the head of the gorgon clean off. He was given a magic helmet that could make him invisible. He was given shoes that made him light on his feet. And he was given a beautiful shield that was so shiny, he could see Medusa in the reflec tion and not turn to marble. He embarked on his adventure and got advice on where to find Medusa. When he found her he was able to defeat her with his mystical tools. â€Å"He found the Gorgons asleep, and by averting his gaze, and looking only at their reflection in Athenas shield of polished bronze, he cut off Medusas head.† (March) He then took her head as his prize to give to King Polydectes. He started his return journey using Pegasus, a winged horse that was born from Medusas open wound.   He came back to Seriphus to kill King Polydectes for his deceit, and when he returned home he still accidently killed his grandfather in a discus competition, like the oracle have said. Perseus then choose to relinquish Medusa’s head over to Athena. (Lagasse) And while her looks could kill, Medusas blood had supernatural healing powers and after she was beheaded by Perseus, her head is then given by Athena to the god of medicine, Asclepius. He could use her blood to heal othe rs and even bring the dead back to life. After her death, Medusa became a guardian in Hades, the land of the dead. Medusa did her best to do the right thing and represent Athena the best she could. She rejected all the lustful men and remained a virgin for Athena. Athena was consumed by her jealousy of Medusa. She saw the event of Poseidon raping her as a reason to take all that Medusa had. I choose this story because it shows how sometimes you can do all the right things in life, and you can still become a monster because other people will envy your blessings. It is important to take into consideration who you keep in your company and who you exhibit your prized accomplishment and possessions to. Jealousy is like a disease that can make people want to take from you, or just slander your name until you are seen as a monster to the haters and their friends. I would usually say not to care about stuff like that but sometimes some people can create situations that will require your attention. You can only control yourself. Similar to the Frankenstein story, Medusa did nothing wrong, but she was victimized until she was pushed to be evil and reckless. I think a hidden meaning in this story is that pureness can be corrupted by others in the surroundings and can cause one to be evil and as deceptive as a snake. It can cause others to become numb or stone to the product of the evil and the only way to overcome the monster is to look in the mirror. Athena created a monster to destroy others out of her own jealousy. Athena’s behavior aligns with thesis seven from Jeffrey Jerome Cohens Monster Culture book. A quote from Jeffrey Cohen that applies for thesis seven was,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine.† (Cohen) This applies to Athena as the creator of the monster she made Medusa into, and in the end she still received Medusas severed head as a prize. She allowed Medusa’s beauty and the opinions of others to destroy her internally to the point where she was pushed to leap at the opportunity to pilfer Medusas upper hand of aesthetic qualities. In this story, Athena never had to pay for what she did. Medusa was the victim, the monster, and she took the fall completely all the way to her demise. It’s almost like Athena was really the monster and she was the one that got away clean. Kaleta, Marcin Konrad. Medusa.  The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Ashgate Publishing, 1st edition, 2014.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ashgtmonster/medusa/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Lagasse, Paul. Perseus, in Greek mythology.  The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 7th edition, 2017.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/perseus_in_greek_mythology/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. March, Jennifer R. Gorgons.  Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxbow Books, 2nd edition, 2014.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/oxbocm/gorgons/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Cohen, Jeffrey J. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses)† Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwj-9NnAkcrcAhV9GjQIHVAhDlcQjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2FPlPd6rSElff7Wpsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616 Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwjblK3akcrcAhWSHDQIHeSJC90QjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2Fmedusa-9JVsPnYq2quRypsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616 Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwi-xfvqkcrcAhXwIDQIHaT3AhQQjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmakeagif.com%2Fgif%2Fmedusa-natalia-vodianova-clash-of-the-titans-2010-KGfEMzpsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616

three types of outpatient cancer treatments

three types of outpatient cancer treatments INTRODUCTIONIn the American society, cancer is the disease most feared by the majority of people within the U.S. Cancer has been known and described throughout history.In the early 1990s nearly 6 million cancer cases and more than 4 million deaths have been reported worldwide, every year. The most fatal cancer in the world is lung cancer, which has grown drastically since the spread of cigarette smoking in growing countries. Stomach cancer is the second leading form of cancer in men, after lung cancer. Another on the increase, for women, is breast cancer, particularly in China and Japan. The fourth on the list is colon and rectum cancer, which occurs mostly in older people.In the United States more than one-fifth of the deaths in the early '90s was caused by cancer, only the cardiovascular diseases accounted at a higher percentage. In 1993 the American Cancer Society predicted that about 33% of Americans will eventually get cancer.English: Gross appearance of the cut surface of a ... In the United States skin cancer is the most dominating in both men and women, followed by prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women. Yet lung cancer causes the most deaths in men and women. Leukemia, or cancer of the blood, is the most common type in children. An increasing incidence has been clearly observable over the past few decades, due in part to improved cancer screening programs, and also to the increasing number of older persons in the population, and also to the large number of tabacco smokersparticularly in women. Some researchers have estimated that if Americans stopped smoking, lung cancer deaths could virtually be eliminated within 20 years.The U.S. government and private organizations spent about $1.2 billion annual for cancer research. With the development of new drugs and treatments, the number of deaths among cancer patients under...

The Legal and Law Issues in Network Security USA Research Paper

The Legal and Law Issues in Network Security USA - Research Paper Example For any unguarded computer, people might just slip onto the network and retrieve all those information which is not protected. This makes one think about placing a password protection or have a right way of storing things to keep their information safe helps to be safe in the computer world. Sometimes people might ignore thinking their data to be of least importance. But these data can be of high value to those who try to access it and hence it is important to have a way to secure any form of data that is available and saved in the computer. The network security does not mean to lock the computer from accessing internet but it is about the information that is stored in the computer which has to be protected to use it by oneself. The below provided information will help one to know about the need and the issue that has risen regarding the network security. Â   Computer and Networks Computer network are distributed networks of computer that are either strongly or loosely connected whi ch simply means that these computers share a lot of resources from a central computer or only those resources that can make the network work. Usually the security was limited to personal computers before as the problem of virus or other unwanted things were only to that computer used by a specific user. But today, the prospective has changed a lot ass the user can now find the security not only for a single computer but for the whole network. The security is not limited but is expanded to all those computers which come under a network. This is very important to know as it includes all the resources and data that are stored and transit. The work in the computer can be done with or... This report approves that it is important to make sure to use the facility available to overcome such situation. With strict legal system, laws and legislation, people can get the justice they are looking for in a right way. Not all the time the threat is from outsiders, so it is important to monitor people in the office from time to time so that one can be safe from inside as well. The federal legislation for information technology has evolves over past 20 years and people are happy with the justice they are getting till date. This essay makes a conclusion that there are many companies outside USA but working for USA. They might not work in a proper manner when these things happen. This affects the revenue of that country. The national legislation might help within the boundary and this will be left to the company to deal with such situation when they are beyond the boundary. This makes one know every legal aspect of every country which can help them with the network security. Having the best network security is very important and the need to act instantly incase such situation occur might help one in many ways. The company should beware of the ex-employees and what they can do once they are taken out of the job. The authentication they have should be immediately and properly terminated so that they won’t cause any problem later. The company should also know about the current employees and how they might change in case the ex-employee wants them to help him.

In Chapter VI, who did the horrors of slavery affect the most Douglas, Essay

In Chapter VI, who did the horrors of slavery affect the most Douglas, Mr. Auld or Mrs. Auld - Essay Example Mr. Auld and Mrs. Auld were Douglass’s masters and Mr. Auld deprived Douglass of the right of learning to read and write which he termed as completelymisplaced Douglass (2013). Douglass had to bear with Mr. Auld’s insults, and in a section of the chapter, Mr. Auld stated that niggers should not be allowed to learn, because the overall consequences of teaching a nigger would be independence. Douglass had to put up with constant abuse from his master which completely went against his rights as a human being. Douglass’sperception of education was centered on the fact that education was a form of freedom. He did not only have to put up with the poor treatment which allowed him little or no access to vital amenities, but Mr. Auld’s new approach completely denied him the right to knowledge. Douglass experiences around the neighborhood which were graced with the images of emaciated beings in the form of Mary and Henrietta who were enslaved at the Hamilton residen ce. Such experiences must have affected Douglass’spsychology due to the uncertainties that he had to grapple with in relation to his survival and

Examine how far television is a global and globalising media form Essay

Examine how far television is a global and globalising media form - Essay Example A particular popular program can be watched by many people at one time unlike newspapers where people scramble for the copies or a radio where you listen without seeing. Television combines both visual and audio content. This has led to its tremendous success as a mass communication medium (Waisbord, 2000). Television has become a global means of communication, meaning that people can now communicate to each other all over the world, all with the aid of technology. Globalization has made it possible for all the television industries in the world communicate more effectively. This communications have made possible by the presence of well laid structural connections among the different communication systems used by television stations all over the world. This interconnections between the different television stations in the world has created an international business hub, all governed with the same business principals and goals (Jensen, 2000). . The technologies include the use of sate llites to relay information to the different TV station worldwide. For example the launch of AMOS-5 satellites located at 17Â °E by space com was a major boost to TV industries in Africa.AMOS-5 provides high-quality broadcast and communication services to Europe, the Middle East, the U.S. East Coast and Africa. Other satellites have all been put in place with companies such as Switzerland media all with the aim of relaying information to its client and doing business. The dynamics in the TV world are reflected in the approval of television formats. On the surface international airing of the different format does not only suggest a well incorporated economy with the industries, in also includes a well regulated content. All the media houses are therefore able to sale almost the same idea to its audience. These enable the audience watch different programs at different channels at the same time, and with the help of technology; television companies have successful reached their market (Whannel, 1993) . A company like coca cola is popular all over the world. Toyota pick-ups have roamed in the streets of African. TV programs and series such prison break have been aired all over the world. This can therefore be deemed as the golden age for business, commerce and trade. Never before, in the entire history of the world has there been such an opportunity to sell as many commodities to individuals as there is right now globally. Marketing strategies have been put in place but thanks to television and the entire media that marketing has been made easier promoting a company’s sales. Trade has also been conducted between state thanks to TV and the media as a whole (Jesus,1993) . Television programming goes beyond commercial relationships(Waisbord, 2000). Other key sector such as politics, antinational identification and transnational organizations are also affect. Television programming has an especially important role in shaping social meanings as communication co ntent dictates the way local and global mass media will affect people’s social experience. These include programs like news and report. Television coverage of political and social is a decisive factor for formation of opinion in democratic states. Reports and news should therefore be exact, truthful and reliable. Different debates on television have influenced public opinion in different angles. Reports on political private life has

Examining Family Business Corporate Governance

Examining Family Business Corporate Governance This dissertation sets out a study of the family businesss corporate governance, addressing the relationship between the owners and the management. Family businesses constitute a wide spectrum of enterprises, from small family owned and managed companies to a large internationally operating family controlled corporations. There are several definitions illustrates the family owned businesses, however the majority agree that Nebauer Lank definition illustrate the family business in a simple way and puts it as A firm can be regarded as a family business if a given family holds the voting control of the firm (Nebauer Lank, 1998). This dissertation argues that, given the duality of the economic and non-economic goals family firms pursue and the complexity of the stakeholders structure, family firms need governance structure that matches the complexity of their constitutes stakeholders. According to that a better research and empirical understanding as how family firms are governed is needed. In this study the focus will be on assessing the level of understanding of the corporate governance concept overall and the codes provided by the Capital Market Authority (CMA), the Capital Market Authority in Oman focusing on strengthen the family owned business by incentives them to go public. The CMA is just recently in the process to create a corporate governance to help the Family business to be prepared to do so. In this study, the focus will be to create an understating and help to create a better code to help the family business sustain in the future. On the other hand there will be an evaluation of the agency theo ry and how the family owners acceptance of this model. Furthermore a research by McKinsey quarterly shows that 95 per cent fails to succeed the generation due to the lacking of succession planning and roles defining, therefore the dissertation will be evaluating the practice and preparation if any on how the existing owner prepare companys succession planning rules and codes to handover their responsibilities to their successors. In this study the focus will be on the family businesses in Sultanate of Oman, a country in the Arabian Gulf with a fledgling capital market. Oman has made significant efforts to improves the level of corporate governance, particularly in the listed companies and now the capital market would like to expand its corporate governance codes to the family owned businesses to strengthen the chances of the sustainability of its growth. Aims And Objective This dissertation will focus on the unique corporate governance challenges that any family business faces and propose structures and practices that can mitigate these challenges and ensure the viability of the business. The detailed objectives that guide the dissertation process are: To review and analyze relevant theoretical, and other, streams of literature that focus on corporate governance and family business Analyzing the practice of the existing code of corporate governance that applied by the CMA and if it fit to be implemented in the family business companies. Asses the ownership structure and polices in the companies and testing the theory of the ownership and control separation. Asses the long term planning by the company owners and how the successor is been appointed. To assess the significance, reliability, and validity of the results; to discuss the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of the findings; to assess the limitations The impact of corporate governance in family businesses performance. Scope of the dissertation The present study addresses the governance of family firms, focusing on the nature of various governance mechanisms and how they affect firm performance. Family businesses provide a fruitful research context to study corporate governance due to lack of governance research in the area and the distinctive characteristics of family firms. The family business context, especially, enables the study of how aspects of formal and social control vary according to characteristics of ownership structure. Research Approaches and method The methods to gather the required data will be a qualitative, where the participations will be selected based on their history and age of the company in practice. The research will be analyzing their policies and corporate governance practice. Interviews will be placed with the owners and senior managers of the companies to get all the data required for the findings and results. Structure of the dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter included the background of the study, the aim, purpose of the study, research questions and limitation of the study and it will present the structural framework of the study. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will review the historical perspective, theories and related studies of corporate governance, family business and related theories to corporate governance. This chapter will include the secondary data which will be used in discussing the findings. Chapter 3: Methodology Chapter describes the methodology and procedures that were used to carry out this study. Furthermore, this chapter will review the population and participants of the study, instruments and data collection procedures. Chapter 4: Results and Findings This chapter will present the data and findings related to the research questions Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Discussion This chapter presents the data analysis and the discussion of the finding. Chapter 6: Conclusion In this chapter, the researcher will present a summary of the study and the findings, conclusion and recommendation. The structural framework of the dissertation is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure Literature Review Introduction A growing number of studies have been done on the family business ownership and management separation or combination in the past few years and what is the linkage between the performance and these two elements. In this chapter we will be presenting the theories and the studies that are related to it and selecting a frame work that will be the base of the evolution of the practice we examine in the family businesses. Family Owned Business Family enterprises or family owned businesses represent the oldest form of businesses in the world. The family owned businesses constitutes more than 70 percent of all business in most of the third world countries and in some developed countries (IFC, 2009). In the IFC research Family Businesses Corporate Handbook shows that family owned businesses are the higher contributor in any country growth in terms of economic development and employment. In Spain, for example, about 75 percent of the businesses are family-owned and contribute to 65 percent of the countrys GNP on average. Correspondingly, family businesses contribute to about 60 percent of the cumulative GNP in Latin America (IFC, 2009). in addition to, accordingly to recent researches that 95% percent of employment in the Middle East and especially in the Arabian Gulf Peninsula is in the family owned businesses. There are several definitions that explains the family business corporations, the IFC define it as a company where the voting majority is in the hands of the controlling family; including the founder(s) who intend to pass the business on to their descendants, in another words is A business actively owned and/or managed by more than one member of the same family. There are two systems that control the family businesses; which are the family system, and the management system, the two system overlap due to the dual roles that any family member take, like a family member may be a manger or an employee in the business and here where the conflict arise. The family system is based on emotional, love and care. The family system is based on the relationship in the family and they take most of these values to the business. Where in the business system is the professional values are the edge of the decision. (Managment Resources, 2010) To define a family business need to understand the environment from one to another, here are list of family business definitions that made by researcher past the year that cover the family business from different view but reserving the concept. Table Family business Definitions A company is considered a family business when it has been closely identified with at least two generations of a family and when this link has had a mutual influence on company policy and on the interests and objectives of the family. (Donnelley, [1964] 1988: 428). Controlling ownership rested in the hands of an individual or of the members of a single family. (Barnes Hershon, 1976: 106). Organizations where one or more extended family members influence the direction of the business through the exercise on kinship ties, management roles, or ownership rights. (Tagiuri Davis, [1982] 1996: 199). It is the interaction between the two sets of organization, family and business, that establishes the basic character of the family business and defines its uniqueness. (Davis, 1983: 47). What is usually meant by .family business.is either the occurrence or the anticipation that a younger family member has or will assume control of the business from an elder. (Churchill Hatten, 1987: 52). We define a family business as one that will be passed on for the family.s next generation to manage and control. (Ward, 1987: 252). A business in which the members of a family have legal control over ownership. (Lansberg et al., 1988:2). A family business is defined here as an organization whose major operating decisions and plans for leadership succession are influenced by family members serving in management or on the board. (Handler,1989b: 262). Firms in which one family holds the majority of the shares and controls management. (Donckels FrÃÆ' ¶hlich,1991: 149). A business where a single family owns the majority of stock and has total control. Family members also form part of the management and make the most important decisions concerning the business. (Gallo Sveen, 1991: 181). A business firm may be considered a family business to the extent that its ownership and management are concentrated within a family unit, and to the extent its members strive to achieve, maintain, and/or increase intraorganizational family-based relatedness. (Litz, 1995: 78). A business governed and/or managed on a sustainable, potentially cross-generational, basis to shape and perhaps pursue the formal or implicit vision of the business held by members of the same family or a small number of families. (Sharma et al., 1997: 2). A family enterprise is a proprietorship, partnership, corporation or any form of business association where the voting control is in the hands of a given family. (Neubauer Lank, 1998: 8). Family businesses share some common characteristics, largely due to the interacting and overlapping domains of family, ownership and management (Tagiuri Davis, 1982). Family firms have a complex stakeholder structure that involves family members, top management, and a board of directors. Family members, who are often significant owners, usually play multiple roles in managing and governing the firm (Tagiuri Davis, 1982). This involvement promotes loyalty and also commitment to long-term value creation (Dyer Handler, 1994) and reduces problems that arise from separation of ownership and control, as experienced in large, public corporations (Jensen, 1989). Also, family businesses may enjoy a competitive advantage due, for example, to remaining entrepreneurial in character and having a strong sense of responsibility to society (Neubauer Lank, 1998), fast verbal and nonverbal communication, aided by a shared identity and common language of families (Gersick, Davis, McCollom Hampton Landsberg, 1997), family members. Business expertise gained during early childhood onward (Kets De Vries, 1996), and a strong organizational culture contributing to external adaptation and internal integration (Schein, 1983). However, the familys involvement in governing the firm may induce a focus on business and non-business goals, possibly leading to inefficiency (Schulze, Lubatkin, Dino Buchholtz, 2001). If the owner family is not regularly informed about the companys affairs, differing visions of the companys future may develop between management and the family. The resulting feuds between family factions may distract managements attention from value-creating activities and so reduce their commitment to strategic decisions. Owner-managers also may act opportunistically by satisfying their own needs at the expense of the companys performance and long-term survival. Entrenched owner-managers may not share their powers with others, especially not with the companys board. Furthermore the common characters of all family businesses are illustrated in the diagram below. Figure The individual represent the family members who are directly involved in daily bases with the operation, the family symbolizes the whole family where in some family businesses called the family counsel and the management dimension represents the family managers and non-family managers. McKinsey quarterly stated in the report keeping the family in business that only 5 percent will continue to create shareholders value after the third generation. Moreover; the IFC also mentioned in the family business hand book, while the third generation takes over; 95 percent of all family businesses will not survive the ownership around. These consequences might be a result to the lack of commitment and proper business education of handling the business demands. In addition, the survival of family firms is often challenged by dictatorial rule, resistance to change, lack of professionalism in management capabilities, confusion in family and business roles, rivalry and enlarged human emotions among family members, conflicts between interests of the family and the business, and a low rate of investment in business development (Donnelley, 1964; Gersick et al., 1997; Kets De Vries, 1993). All the definitions are focusing on the shareholders and their power in voting and management and these two points are actually the core strength and weaknesses of any family business. However there are other dimensions that a family business can be measured of its strength and weaknesses like: Culture Ownership and governance Succession planning Family involvement This dissertation will be reflected somehow in the culture dimension due to the strength of the factor here in the Arabian Gulf Countries and Oman. Different researcher came up with different definitions of the family business; however, the definitions imply six themes for clarifying the boundaries of the domain of family business: (1) ownership, (2) management, (3) generational transfer, (4) the familys intention to continue as a family business, (5) family goals, and (6) interaction between the family and business. These themes are similar to those found in the extant literature. For example, Handler (1989a) categorized family business definitions under four headings: ownership and management, interdependent subsystems, generational transfer, and multiple conditions. The extant literature on family business research has largely neglected the definition of the family itself. By modifying Winter.s, Fitzgerald, Heck, Haynes Danes (1998) definition of the family, the present study defines it as a kinship group of people related by blood or marriage or comparable relationship. This definition allows a multigenerational view of an extended family. Family Business in Oman According to the family firm institute (FFI) the around the 75% of Omans private companies are family owned, with their firms creating 70% of the country employment. There are 12 top families who are controlling around 75% of the contribution over all in Oman. The family owned business also control 90% of commercial activity according to Tharawat (Fortunes) Magazine. Oman is a part of the GCC Region where in the region is estimated that family businesses worth more than 1 trillion dollar, that is ready to be handled to the next generation. All family owned business share same characteristics as mentioned above, even the strengths and the weakness are similar to some extant in all family businesses. However, the family business can be categorized to two categories: Listed family businesses Non-listed family business The listed family businesses are set to fulfill the listed companies corporate governance code as per the CMA regulation, but the non-listed are not treated that way; whats so ever the size or the operations are. The CMA in Oman are concentrating nowadays to establish an attractive market and safe to all sizes of family businesses, the CMA is concentrating on converting the family closed family business to go public by Initial Public Offering(IPO) offering them a less strict rules and requirements to commence the IPO as the Head corporate governance Center declared. Furthermore there are different points that might affect the operation of any family businesses such as: family relations affect the assignment of the management family indirectly runs the company major family influence/dominance of the management (in terms of  strategic decisions) significant proportion of the enterprises senior management most important decision made by the family family control of the management of the enterprise at least 2 generations having had control over the enterprise These points might be strengthen the family business in the initial stages of the operations but there must be some kind of governance or policies on whom can make a decisions and how is not. Corporate Governance Corporate governance is a topic that has been a subject of significant debate since 2001 Enrons and other US companies crashed. Some analyst say lack of corporate governance was the main reason behind the crash (International Swaps and Derivatives Association, 2002). The international Swaps and Derivatives Association highlight that the failure was due to interests that extended certain managers at the expense of the shareholders. While the United States capital market where busy analyzing the reasons behind the crash of Enron and World Com, Sultanate of Oman has also experienced its share of corporate trouble affecting not only large companies such as Rice Mills SAOG and Oman National Investment Company Holding SOAG but also dozens of smaller companies, which have had to turn to the government for assistance (Dry, 2003). The year 2002 was the birth of the new corporate governance standards from the Capital Market Authority (CMA), but it was only covering the list companies in the Mu scat Security Market only. Since then the CMA focused on upgrading this standards and code and refine it to be in a worldwide acceptable standards and to include the best practice for the companies. The standards have been modernized since 2002 on the listed companies and the closed shared ones but nothing was mentioned on the family business side. In 2009 the CMA established the corporate governance center to help the companies implement the codes of corporate governance and to regulate the practice and monitor it, in addition to create a new standards to fit the family businesses practice. Till today the CMA and the Center did not establish a full concept on how they can produce a set of codes to be acceptable to the share holders of these businesses due to the lack of information on the family owned businesses in Oman. Theoretical framework related to Corporate Governance. The corporate governance model did not came from one framework or a certain theories, but I was built up on different practices and theories which results of different frameworks that today any economic system can customized to suit the needs to regulate the market. There are certain theories that been always associated with corporate governance practice which is set out the relation between the principle (shareholder) and the agent (management): The agency theory Stewardship Theory Stakeholder theory The agency Theory Agency theory having its roots in economic theory was exposited by Alchian and Demsetz (1972) and further developed by Jensen and Meckling (1976). Agency theory is defined as the relationship between the principals, such as shareholders and agents such as the company executives and managers. Agency theory argues that in the modern corporation, in which share ownership is widely held, managerial actions depart from those required to maximize shareholder returns (Berle and Means 1932; Pratt and Zeckhauser 1985). Since Jensen and Meckling (1976) proposed a theory of the firm (Agency Theory) based upon conflicts of interest between various contracting parties à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" shareholders, company managers and debt holders à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a vast literature has been developed in explaining both aspects of these conflicts. Jensen and Meckling (1976) further specified the existence of agency costs which arise owing to the conflicts either between managers and shareholders (agency costs of equity) or between shareholders and debtholders (agency costs of debt). Financial markets capture these agency costs as a value loss to shareholders. The agency theory argues that an agency relationship exists when shareholders (principals) hire managers (agents) as the decision makers of the corporations. The agency problems arise because managers will not solely act to maximize the shareholders wealth; they may protect their own interests or seek the goal of maximizing companies growth instead of earnings while making decisions. Jensen and Meckling (1976) suggested that the inefficiency may be reduced as managerial incentives to take value maximizing decisions increased. Agency costs are arising from divergence of interests between shareholders and company managers. Agency costs are defined by Jensen and Meckling as the sum of monitoring costs, bonding costs and residual loss. (1) Monitoring Costs Monitoring costs are expenditures paid by the principal to measure, observe and control an agents behavior. The economic impact of asymmetric information also results in various corporate agency problems. Firm managers (insiders) know more about their firm than shareholders and debt financiers (outsiders). When outsiders are unable to judge over the firms performance, they tend to qualify a firms performance as moderate. A result of this asymmetric information is that shares of a firm with a great performance are undervalued and vice versa. More specifically, information asymmetries between shareholders or bondholders and corporate executive management creates the necessity of monitoring (costs) and complications for the structuring of financial contracts. They may include the costs of preparing reliable accounting information and audits, writing executive compensation contracts and even ultimately the cost of replacing managers. Denis, Denis, and Sarin (1997) contended that effective monitoring is restricted to certain groups or individuals. Such monitors must have the necessary expertise and incentives to fully monitor manager. In addition, such monitors must provide a credible threat to managements control of the company. (2) Bonding Costs To minimize monitoring costs, managers tend to set up the principles or structures and try to act in shareholders best interests. The costs of establishing and adhering to these systems are known as bonding costs. They may include the costs of additional information disclosures to shareholders, but management will obviously also have the benefit of preparing these themselves. Agents will stop incurring bonding costs when the marginal reduction in monitoring equals the marginal increase in bonding costs. As suggested by the agency theory, the optimal bonding contract should aim to entice managers into making all decisions that are in the shareholders best interests. However, since managers cannot be made to do everything that shareholders would wish, bonding provides a means of making managers do some of the things that shareholders would like by writing a less than perfect contract. (3) Residual Loss Despite monitoring and bonding, the interest of managers and shareholders are still unlikely to be fully aligned. Therefore, there are still agency losses arising from conflicts of interest. These are known as residual loss, which represent a trade-off between overly constraining management and enforcing contractual mechanisms designed to reduce agency problems. There are some other types of agency costs as following: (4) Agency Costs of Debt There are three groups of participants in a firm, suppliers of equity, debt suppliers and firm managers. It is logical that they would try to achieve their goals with different measures. Suppliers of equity, or shareholders, are interested in high dividend ratios and high share prices. Debt suppliers, on the other hand, are interested in interest and debt repayments, whereas firm managers would be focused on their financial remuneration. These conflicts of interest give rise to opportunity costs (whereby best strategies are often not adopted) and real costs (e.g., inspection costs). These costs decrease the market value of a firm. Kim and Sorensen (1986) investigated the presence of agency costs and their relation to debt policies of corporations. It is found that firms with higher insiders (managers) ownership have greater debt ratios than firms with lower insider ownership, which may be explained by the agency costs of debt or the agency costs of equity. (5) Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow The free cash flow theory presumes that there are enormous conflicts of interest between shareholders and stakeholders. This implies that managers decisions do not always maximize the value of a firm (Jensen, 1986). Jensen (1986) also emphasized the continuous agency conflicts between top managers and shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows. A free cash flow is the balance of money a company is left with when all projects are financed. If top managers hold more cash than profitable investment opportunities, they may overspend money on organization inefficiencies or invest it in projects with net present value (NPV) less than zero. The logic has it that higher debt levels reduces free cash flows and consequently increases the value of the company. Examining Family Business Corporate Governance Examining Family Business Corporate Governance This dissertation sets out a study of the family businesss corporate governance, addressing the relationship between the owners and the management. Family businesses constitute a wide spectrum of enterprises, from small family owned and managed companies to a large internationally operating family controlled corporations. There are several definitions illustrates the family owned businesses, however the majority agree that Nebauer Lank definition illustrate the family business in a simple way and puts it as A firm can be regarded as a family business if a given family holds the voting control of the firm (Nebauer Lank, 1998). This dissertation argues that, given the duality of the economic and non-economic goals family firms pursue and the complexity of the stakeholders structure, family firms need governance structure that matches the complexity of their constitutes stakeholders. According to that a better research and empirical understanding as how family firms are governed is needed. In this study the focus will be on assessing the level of understanding of the corporate governance concept overall and the codes provided by the Capital Market Authority (CMA), the Capital Market Authority in Oman focusing on strengthen the family owned business by incentives them to go public. The CMA is just recently in the process to create a corporate governance to help the Family business to be prepared to do so. In this study, the focus will be to create an understating and help to create a better code to help the family business sustain in the future. On the other hand there will be an evaluation of the agency theo ry and how the family owners acceptance of this model. Furthermore a research by McKinsey quarterly shows that 95 per cent fails to succeed the generation due to the lacking of succession planning and roles defining, therefore the dissertation will be evaluating the practice and preparation if any on how the existing owner prepare companys succession planning rules and codes to handover their responsibilities to their successors. In this study the focus will be on the family businesses in Sultanate of Oman, a country in the Arabian Gulf with a fledgling capital market. Oman has made significant efforts to improves the level of corporate governance, particularly in the listed companies and now the capital market would like to expand its corporate governance codes to the family owned businesses to strengthen the chances of the sustainability of its growth. Aims And Objective This dissertation will focus on the unique corporate governance challenges that any family business faces and propose structures and practices that can mitigate these challenges and ensure the viability of the business. The detailed objectives that guide the dissertation process are: To review and analyze relevant theoretical, and other, streams of literature that focus on corporate governance and family business Analyzing the practice of the existing code of corporate governance that applied by the CMA and if it fit to be implemented in the family business companies. Asses the ownership structure and polices in the companies and testing the theory of the ownership and control separation. Asses the long term planning by the company owners and how the successor is been appointed. To assess the significance, reliability, and validity of the results; to discuss the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of the findings; to assess the limitations The impact of corporate governance in family businesses performance. Scope of the dissertation The present study addresses the governance of family firms, focusing on the nature of various governance mechanisms and how they affect firm performance. Family businesses provide a fruitful research context to study corporate governance due to lack of governance research in the area and the distinctive characteristics of family firms. The family business context, especially, enables the study of how aspects of formal and social control vary according to characteristics of ownership structure. Research Approaches and method The methods to gather the required data will be a qualitative, where the participations will be selected based on their history and age of the company in practice. The research will be analyzing their policies and corporate governance practice. Interviews will be placed with the owners and senior managers of the companies to get all the data required for the findings and results. Structure of the dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter included the background of the study, the aim, purpose of the study, research questions and limitation of the study and it will present the structural framework of the study. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will review the historical perspective, theories and related studies of corporate governance, family business and related theories to corporate governance. This chapter will include the secondary data which will be used in discussing the findings. Chapter 3: Methodology Chapter describes the methodology and procedures that were used to carry out this study. Furthermore, this chapter will review the population and participants of the study, instruments and data collection procedures. Chapter 4: Results and Findings This chapter will present the data and findings related to the research questions Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Discussion This chapter presents the data analysis and the discussion of the finding. Chapter 6: Conclusion In this chapter, the researcher will present a summary of the study and the findings, conclusion and recommendation. The structural framework of the dissertation is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure Literature Review Introduction A growing number of studies have been done on the family business ownership and management separation or combination in the past few years and what is the linkage between the performance and these two elements. In this chapter we will be presenting the theories and the studies that are related to it and selecting a frame work that will be the base of the evolution of the practice we examine in the family businesses. Family Owned Business Family enterprises or family owned businesses represent the oldest form of businesses in the world. The family owned businesses constitutes more than 70 percent of all business in most of the third world countries and in some developed countries (IFC, 2009). In the IFC research Family Businesses Corporate Handbook shows that family owned businesses are the higher contributor in any country growth in terms of economic development and employment. In Spain, for example, about 75 percent of the businesses are family-owned and contribute to 65 percent of the countrys GNP on average. Correspondingly, family businesses contribute to about 60 percent of the cumulative GNP in Latin America (IFC, 2009). in addition to, accordingly to recent researches that 95% percent of employment in the Middle East and especially in the Arabian Gulf Peninsula is in the family owned businesses. There are several definitions that explains the family business corporations, the IFC define it as a company where the voting majority is in the hands of the controlling family; including the founder(s) who intend to pass the business on to their descendants, in another words is A business actively owned and/or managed by more than one member of the same family. There are two systems that control the family businesses; which are the family system, and the management system, the two system overlap due to the dual roles that any family member take, like a family member may be a manger or an employee in the business and here where the conflict arise. The family system is based on emotional, love and care. The family system is based on the relationship in the family and they take most of these values to the business. Where in the business system is the professional values are the edge of the decision. (Managment Resources, 2010) To define a family business need to understand the environment from one to another, here are list of family business definitions that made by researcher past the year that cover the family business from different view but reserving the concept. Table Family business Definitions A company is considered a family business when it has been closely identified with at least two generations of a family and when this link has had a mutual influence on company policy and on the interests and objectives of the family. (Donnelley, [1964] 1988: 428). Controlling ownership rested in the hands of an individual or of the members of a single family. (Barnes Hershon, 1976: 106). Organizations where one or more extended family members influence the direction of the business through the exercise on kinship ties, management roles, or ownership rights. (Tagiuri Davis, [1982] 1996: 199). It is the interaction between the two sets of organization, family and business, that establishes the basic character of the family business and defines its uniqueness. (Davis, 1983: 47). What is usually meant by .family business.is either the occurrence or the anticipation that a younger family member has or will assume control of the business from an elder. (Churchill Hatten, 1987: 52). We define a family business as one that will be passed on for the family.s next generation to manage and control. (Ward, 1987: 252). A business in which the members of a family have legal control over ownership. (Lansberg et al., 1988:2). A family business is defined here as an organization whose major operating decisions and plans for leadership succession are influenced by family members serving in management or on the board. (Handler,1989b: 262). Firms in which one family holds the majority of the shares and controls management. (Donckels FrÃÆ' ¶hlich,1991: 149). A business where a single family owns the majority of stock and has total control. Family members also form part of the management and make the most important decisions concerning the business. (Gallo Sveen, 1991: 181). A business firm may be considered a family business to the extent that its ownership and management are concentrated within a family unit, and to the extent its members strive to achieve, maintain, and/or increase intraorganizational family-based relatedness. (Litz, 1995: 78). A business governed and/or managed on a sustainable, potentially cross-generational, basis to shape and perhaps pursue the formal or implicit vision of the business held by members of the same family or a small number of families. (Sharma et al., 1997: 2). A family enterprise is a proprietorship, partnership, corporation or any form of business association where the voting control is in the hands of a given family. (Neubauer Lank, 1998: 8). Family businesses share some common characteristics, largely due to the interacting and overlapping domains of family, ownership and management (Tagiuri Davis, 1982). Family firms have a complex stakeholder structure that involves family members, top management, and a board of directors. Family members, who are often significant owners, usually play multiple roles in managing and governing the firm (Tagiuri Davis, 1982). This involvement promotes loyalty and also commitment to long-term value creation (Dyer Handler, 1994) and reduces problems that arise from separation of ownership and control, as experienced in large, public corporations (Jensen, 1989). Also, family businesses may enjoy a competitive advantage due, for example, to remaining entrepreneurial in character and having a strong sense of responsibility to society (Neubauer Lank, 1998), fast verbal and nonverbal communication, aided by a shared identity and common language of families (Gersick, Davis, McCollom Hampton Landsberg, 1997), family members. Business expertise gained during early childhood onward (Kets De Vries, 1996), and a strong organizational culture contributing to external adaptation and internal integration (Schein, 1983). However, the familys involvement in governing the firm may induce a focus on business and non-business goals, possibly leading to inefficiency (Schulze, Lubatkin, Dino Buchholtz, 2001). If the owner family is not regularly informed about the companys affairs, differing visions of the companys future may develop between management and the family. The resulting feuds between family factions may distract managements attention from value-creating activities and so reduce their commitment to strategic decisions. Owner-managers also may act opportunistically by satisfying their own needs at the expense of the companys performance and long-term survival. Entrenched owner-managers may not share their powers with others, especially not with the companys board. Furthermore the common characters of all family businesses are illustrated in the diagram below. Figure The individual represent the family members who are directly involved in daily bases with the operation, the family symbolizes the whole family where in some family businesses called the family counsel and the management dimension represents the family managers and non-family managers. McKinsey quarterly stated in the report keeping the family in business that only 5 percent will continue to create shareholders value after the third generation. Moreover; the IFC also mentioned in the family business hand book, while the third generation takes over; 95 percent of all family businesses will not survive the ownership around. These consequences might be a result to the lack of commitment and proper business education of handling the business demands. In addition, the survival of family firms is often challenged by dictatorial rule, resistance to change, lack of professionalism in management capabilities, confusion in family and business roles, rivalry and enlarged human emotions among family members, conflicts between interests of the family and the business, and a low rate of investment in business development (Donnelley, 1964; Gersick et al., 1997; Kets De Vries, 1993). All the definitions are focusing on the shareholders and their power in voting and management and these two points are actually the core strength and weaknesses of any family business. However there are other dimensions that a family business can be measured of its strength and weaknesses like: Culture Ownership and governance Succession planning Family involvement This dissertation will be reflected somehow in the culture dimension due to the strength of the factor here in the Arabian Gulf Countries and Oman. Different researcher came up with different definitions of the family business; however, the definitions imply six themes for clarifying the boundaries of the domain of family business: (1) ownership, (2) management, (3) generational transfer, (4) the familys intention to continue as a family business, (5) family goals, and (6) interaction between the family and business. These themes are similar to those found in the extant literature. For example, Handler (1989a) categorized family business definitions under four headings: ownership and management, interdependent subsystems, generational transfer, and multiple conditions. The extant literature on family business research has largely neglected the definition of the family itself. By modifying Winter.s, Fitzgerald, Heck, Haynes Danes (1998) definition of the family, the present study defines it as a kinship group of people related by blood or marriage or comparable relationship. This definition allows a multigenerational view of an extended family. Family Business in Oman According to the family firm institute (FFI) the around the 75% of Omans private companies are family owned, with their firms creating 70% of the country employment. There are 12 top families who are controlling around 75% of the contribution over all in Oman. The family owned business also control 90% of commercial activity according to Tharawat (Fortunes) Magazine. Oman is a part of the GCC Region where in the region is estimated that family businesses worth more than 1 trillion dollar, that is ready to be handled to the next generation. All family owned business share same characteristics as mentioned above, even the strengths and the weakness are similar to some extant in all family businesses. However, the family business can be categorized to two categories: Listed family businesses Non-listed family business The listed family businesses are set to fulfill the listed companies corporate governance code as per the CMA regulation, but the non-listed are not treated that way; whats so ever the size or the operations are. The CMA in Oman are concentrating nowadays to establish an attractive market and safe to all sizes of family businesses, the CMA is concentrating on converting the family closed family business to go public by Initial Public Offering(IPO) offering them a less strict rules and requirements to commence the IPO as the Head corporate governance Center declared. Furthermore there are different points that might affect the operation of any family businesses such as: family relations affect the assignment of the management family indirectly runs the company major family influence/dominance of the management (in terms of  strategic decisions) significant proportion of the enterprises senior management most important decision made by the family family control of the management of the enterprise at least 2 generations having had control over the enterprise These points might be strengthen the family business in the initial stages of the operations but there must be some kind of governance or policies on whom can make a decisions and how is not. Corporate Governance Corporate governance is a topic that has been a subject of significant debate since 2001 Enrons and other US companies crashed. Some analyst say lack of corporate governance was the main reason behind the crash (International Swaps and Derivatives Association, 2002). The international Swaps and Derivatives Association highlight that the failure was due to interests that extended certain managers at the expense of the shareholders. While the United States capital market where busy analyzing the reasons behind the crash of Enron and World Com, Sultanate of Oman has also experienced its share of corporate trouble affecting not only large companies such as Rice Mills SAOG and Oman National Investment Company Holding SOAG but also dozens of smaller companies, which have had to turn to the government for assistance (Dry, 2003). The year 2002 was the birth of the new corporate governance standards from the Capital Market Authority (CMA), but it was only covering the list companies in the Mu scat Security Market only. Since then the CMA focused on upgrading this standards and code and refine it to be in a worldwide acceptable standards and to include the best practice for the companies. The standards have been modernized since 2002 on the listed companies and the closed shared ones but nothing was mentioned on the family business side. In 2009 the CMA established the corporate governance center to help the companies implement the codes of corporate governance and to regulate the practice and monitor it, in addition to create a new standards to fit the family businesses practice. Till today the CMA and the Center did not establish a full concept on how they can produce a set of codes to be acceptable to the share holders of these businesses due to the lack of information on the family owned businesses in Oman. Theoretical framework related to Corporate Governance. The corporate governance model did not came from one framework or a certain theories, but I was built up on different practices and theories which results of different frameworks that today any economic system can customized to suit the needs to regulate the market. There are certain theories that been always associated with corporate governance practice which is set out the relation between the principle (shareholder) and the agent (management): The agency theory Stewardship Theory Stakeholder theory The agency Theory Agency theory having its roots in economic theory was exposited by Alchian and Demsetz (1972) and further developed by Jensen and Meckling (1976). Agency theory is defined as the relationship between the principals, such as shareholders and agents such as the company executives and managers. Agency theory argues that in the modern corporation, in which share ownership is widely held, managerial actions depart from those required to maximize shareholder returns (Berle and Means 1932; Pratt and Zeckhauser 1985). Since Jensen and Meckling (1976) proposed a theory of the firm (Agency Theory) based upon conflicts of interest between various contracting parties à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" shareholders, company managers and debt holders à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a vast literature has been developed in explaining both aspects of these conflicts. Jensen and Meckling (1976) further specified the existence of agency costs which arise owing to the conflicts either between managers and shareholders (agency costs of equity) or between shareholders and debtholders (agency costs of debt). Financial markets capture these agency costs as a value loss to shareholders. The agency theory argues that an agency relationship exists when shareholders (principals) hire managers (agents) as the decision makers of the corporations. The agency problems arise because managers will not solely act to maximize the shareholders wealth; they may protect their own interests or seek the goal of maximizing companies growth instead of earnings while making decisions. Jensen and Meckling (1976) suggested that the inefficiency may be reduced as managerial incentives to take value maximizing decisions increased. Agency costs are arising from divergence of interests between shareholders and company managers. Agency costs are defined by Jensen and Meckling as the sum of monitoring costs, bonding costs and residual loss. (1) Monitoring Costs Monitoring costs are expenditures paid by the principal to measure, observe and control an agents behavior. The economic impact of asymmetric information also results in various corporate agency problems. Firm managers (insiders) know more about their firm than shareholders and debt financiers (outsiders). When outsiders are unable to judge over the firms performance, they tend to qualify a firms performance as moderate. A result of this asymmetric information is that shares of a firm with a great performance are undervalued and vice versa. More specifically, information asymmetries between shareholders or bondholders and corporate executive management creates the necessity of monitoring (costs) and complications for the structuring of financial contracts. They may include the costs of preparing reliable accounting information and audits, writing executive compensation contracts and even ultimately the cost of replacing managers. Denis, Denis, and Sarin (1997) contended that effective monitoring is restricted to certain groups or individuals. Such monitors must have the necessary expertise and incentives to fully monitor manager. In addition, such monitors must provide a credible threat to managements control of the company. (2) Bonding Costs To minimize monitoring costs, managers tend to set up the principles or structures and try to act in shareholders best interests. The costs of establishing and adhering to these systems are known as bonding costs. They may include the costs of additional information disclosures to shareholders, but management will obviously also have the benefit of preparing these themselves. Agents will stop incurring bonding costs when the marginal reduction in monitoring equals the marginal increase in bonding costs. As suggested by the agency theory, the optimal bonding contract should aim to entice managers into making all decisions that are in the shareholders best interests. However, since managers cannot be made to do everything that shareholders would wish, bonding provides a means of making managers do some of the things that shareholders would like by writing a less than perfect contract. (3) Residual Loss Despite monitoring and bonding, the interest of managers and shareholders are still unlikely to be fully aligned. Therefore, there are still agency losses arising from conflicts of interest. These are known as residual loss, which represent a trade-off between overly constraining management and enforcing contractual mechanisms designed to reduce agency problems. There are some other types of agency costs as following: (4) Agency Costs of Debt There are three groups of participants in a firm, suppliers of equity, debt suppliers and firm managers. It is logical that they would try to achieve their goals with different measures. Suppliers of equity, or shareholders, are interested in high dividend ratios and high share prices. Debt suppliers, on the other hand, are interested in interest and debt repayments, whereas firm managers would be focused on their financial remuneration. These conflicts of interest give rise to opportunity costs (whereby best strategies are often not adopted) and real costs (e.g., inspection costs). These costs decrease the market value of a firm. Kim and Sorensen (1986) investigated the presence of agency costs and their relation to debt policies of corporations. It is found that firms with higher insiders (managers) ownership have greater debt ratios than firms with lower insider ownership, which may be explained by the agency costs of debt or the agency costs of equity. (5) Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow The free cash flow theory presumes that there are enormous conflicts of interest between shareholders and stakeholders. This implies that managers decisions do not always maximize the value of a firm (Jensen, 1986). Jensen (1986) also emphasized the continuous agency conflicts between top managers and shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows. A free cash flow is the balance of money a company is left with when all projects are financed. If top managers hold more cash than profitable investment opportunities, they may overspend money on organization inefficiencies or invest it in projects with net present value (NPV) less than zero. The logic has it that higher debt levels reduces free cash flows and consequently increases the value of the company.